{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:26:14Z","timestamp":1789464374340,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National 973 Project China","award":["2013CB733302,2013CB733305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013CB733302,2013CB733305"]}]},{"name":"International Science &amp; Technology Cooperation Program of China","award":["2015DFR21100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015DFR21100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41174011,41429401,41210006,41128003,41021061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41174011,41429401,41210006,41128003,41021061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) RL05 data from January 2003 to October 2014 were used to extract the coseismic gravity changes induced by the 24 May 2013 Okhotsk Mw8.3 deep-focus earthquake using the difference and least square fitting methods. The gravity changes obtained from GRACE data agreed well with those from dislocation theory in both magnitude and spatial pattern. Positive and negative gravity changes appeared on both sides of the epicenter. The positive signature appeared on the western side, and the peak value was approximately 0.4 microgal (1 microgal = 10\u22128 m\/s2), whereas on the eastern side, the gravity signature was negative, and the peak value was approximately \u22121.1 microgal. It demonstrates that deep-focus earthquakes Mw \u2264 8.5 are detectable by GRACE observations. Moreover, the coseismic displacements of 20 Global Positioning System (GPS) stations on the Earth\u2019s surface were simulated using an elastic dislocation theory in a spherical earth model, and the results are consistent with the GPS results, especially the near-field results. We also estimated the gravity contributions from the coseismic vertical displacements and density changes, analyzed the proportion of these two gravity change factors (based on an elastic dislocation theory in a spherical earth model) in this deep-focus earthquake. The gravity effect from vertical displacement is four times larger than that caused by density redistribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T10:04:28Z","timestamp":1472724268000},"page":"1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Coseismic Gravity and Displacement Signatures Induced by the 2013 Okhotsk Mw8.3 Earthquake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi\u2019an 710043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Science, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi\u2019an 710043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"B07406","article-title":"Interannual variability of Greenland ice losses from satellite gravimetry","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1246.2014.04057","article-title":"GRACE RL05-based ice mass changes in the typical regions of Antarctica from 2004 to 2012","volume":"5","author":"Ju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010860","article-title":"Evaluation of glacier changes in high-mountain Asia based on 10 year GRACE RL05 models","volume":"119","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR016853","article-title":"Global analysis of approaches for deriving total water storage changes from GRACE satellites","volume":"51","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB012843","article-title":"High-frequency terrestrial water storage signal capture via a regularized sliding window mascon product from GRACE","volume":"121","author":"Sakumura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19861","DOI":"10.3390\/s141019861","article-title":"Earth surface deformation in the north China plain detected by joint analysis of GRACE and GPS data","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30525","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229815","article-title":"Seasonal hydrological loading in southern Tibet detected by joint analysis of GPS and GRACE","volume":"15","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26096","DOI":"10.3390\/s151026096","article-title":"The quasi-biennial vertical oscillations at global GPS stations: Identification by ensemble empirical mode decomposition","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128661","article-title":"Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake","volume":"313","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.04025.x","article-title":"Separation of coseismic and postseismic gravity changes for the 2004 Sumatran earthquake from 4.6 yr of GRACE observations and modelling of the coseismic change by normal mode summation","volume":"176","author":"Rivera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13302","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030356","article-title":"GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Li, J. (2011). Detection of Co-Seismic Changes Associated with Large Earthquakes By Gravity Gradient Changes from GRACE. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wuhan University]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1745","article-title":"Gravity satellite detects co-seismic gravity changes caused by 2010 Chile Mw8.8 earthquake","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24306","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL045335","article-title":"Co-seismic gravity changes of the 2010 earthquake in central Chile from satellite gravimetry","volume":"37","author":"Heki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhou, X. (2012). Coseismic Deformation and Slip Characteristics from Modern Geodetic Data for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki (Mw9.0) Megathrust Earthquake. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-015-0188-0","article-title":"Monthly GRACE detection of coseismic gravity change associated with 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake using northern gradient approach","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Space"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068167","article-title":"Postseismic gravity change after the 2006\u20132007 great earthquake doublet and constraints on the asthenosphere structure in the central Kuril Islands","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063819","article-title":"Coseismic compression\/dilatation and viscoelastic uplift\/subsidence following the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes quantified from satellite gravity observations","volume":"42","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"B04405","article-title":"Co-seismic deformations detectable by satellite gravity missions-A case study of Alaska (1964, 2002) and Hokkaido (2003) earthquakes in the spectral domain","volume":"109","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242032","article-title":"Energy release of the 2013 Mw8.3 Sea of Okhotsk Earthquake and deep slab stress heterogeneity","volume":"341","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50977","article-title":"Rupture complexity of the Mw 8.3 sea of Okhotsk earthquake: Rapid triggering of complementary earthquakes","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060003","article-title":"First geodetic observations of a deep earthquake: The 2013 Sea of Okhotsk Mw 8.3, 611 km-deep, event","volume":"41","author":"Steblov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063838","article-title":"Crustal subsidence observed by GRACE after the 2013 Okhotsk deep-focus earthquake","volume":"42","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"7173","article-title":"Gravity changes due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space","volume":"97","author":"Okubo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu342","article-title":"Effects of Earth\u2019s layered structure, gravity and curvature on coseismic deformation","volume":"199","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04113.x","article-title":"General formulations of global co-seismic deformations caused by an arbitrary dislocation in a spherically symmetric earth model-applicable to deformed earth surface and space-fixed point","volume":"177","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Bettadpur, S. (2012, January 22\u201327). Insights into the Earth System mass variability from CSR-RL05 GRACE gravity fields. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2012, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L08402","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025285","article-title":"Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data","volume":"33","author":"Swenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30205","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02844","article-title":"Time variability of the Earth\u2019s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE","volume":"103","author":"Wahr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altamimi, Z., and Collilieux, X. (2013). Reference Frames for Applications in Geosciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32998-2"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026223308107","article-title":"Tidal models in a new era of satellite gravimetry","volume":"108","author":"Ray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"303","article-title":"The evolution process of gravitational field after the Sumatra Mw9.3 earthquake from GRACE RL05 data","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geodes. Geodyn."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/9\/1410\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:29:50Z","timestamp":1760210990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/9\/1410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s16091410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16091410","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]}}}