{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:32:09Z","timestamp":1768977129815,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese National High Technology Research and Development Program","award":["2014AA120503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014AA120503"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weak-signal and high-dynamics are of two primary concerns of space navigation using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) in the space service volume (SSV). The paper firstly defines a reference assumption third-order phase-locked loop (PLL) as the baseline of an onboard GNSS receiver, and proves the incompetence of this conventional architecture. Then an adaptive four-state Kalman filter (KF)-based algorithm is introduced to realize the optimization of loop noise bandwidth, which can adaptively regulate its filter gain according to the received signal power and line-of-sight (LOS) dynamics. To overcome the matter of losing lock in weak-signal and high-dynamic environments, an open loop tracking strategy aided by an inertial navigation system (INS) is recommended, and the traditional maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is modified in a non-coherent way by reconstructing the likelihood cost function. Furthermore, a typical mission with combined orbital maneuvering and non-maneuvering arcs is taken as a destination object to test the two proposed strategies. Finally, the experiment based on computer simulation identifies the effectiveness of an adaptive four-state KF-based strategy under non-maneuvering conditions and the virtue of INS-assisted methods under maneuvering conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T10:01:56Z","timestamp":1472810516000},"page":"1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Weak and Dynamic GNSS Signal Tracking Strategies for Flight Missions in the Space Service Volume"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9245-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Xingqun","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Baoyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Maolin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bauer, F.H., Moreau, M.C., Dahle-Melsaether, M.E., Petrofski, W.P., Stanton, B.J., Thomason, S., Harris, G.A., Sena, R.P., and Temple, L.P. 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