{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:20:52Z","timestamp":1760242852966,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61401476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61401476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to their extensive commercial and military applications. However, the harsh underwater channel causes many challenges for the design of reliable underwater data transport protocol. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient data transport protocol based on network coding and hybrid automatic repeat request (NCHARQ) to ensure reliability, efficiency and availability in UASNs. Moreover, an adaptive window length estimation algorithm is designed to optimize the throughput and energy consumption tradeoff. The algorithm can adaptively change the code rate and can be insensitive to the environment change. Extensive simulations and analysis show that NCHARQ significantly reduces energy consumption with short end-to-end delay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T09:59:46Z","timestamp":1473242386000},"page":"1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Network Coding Based Hybrid ARQ Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eryang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2014.2310457","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of underwater cognitive acoustic networks","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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