{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:01:54Z","timestamp":1780628514771,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,10]],"date-time":"2016-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation in China","award":["#61305144, #61370178, #61401048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#61305144, #61370178, #61401048"]}]},{"name":"the Education Section Youth Project of the National Social Science Fund in China","award":["#CCA130137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CCA130137"]}]},{"name":"the MOE Project of Humanities and Social Sciences","award":["#13YJC880105, #14YJC880045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#13YJC880105, #14YJC880045"]}]},{"name":"the Excellent Youth Teacher Program in Higher Education in Guangdong Province","award":["#Yq2013048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#Yq2013048"]}]},{"name":"the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["#2014M550438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2014M550438"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of university online learners\u2019 reading ability is generally problematic and time-consuming. Thus the eye-tracking sensors have been employed in this study, to record temporal and spatial human eye movements. Learners\u2019 pupils, blinks, fixation, saccade, and regression are recognized as primary indicators for detecting reading abilities. A computational model is established according to the empirical eye-tracking data, and applying the multi-feature regularization machine learning mechanism based on a Low-rank Constraint. The model presents good generalization ability with an error of only 4.9% when randomly running 100 times. It has obvious advantages in saving time and improving precision, with only 20 min of testing required for prediction of an individual learner\u2019s reading ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T10:24:41Z","timestamp":1473675881000},"page":"1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Online Learners\u2019 Reading Ability Detection Based on Eye-Tracking Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zehui","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Educational Information Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics & Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2017-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building & Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Grubb, M. 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