{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:38:37Z","timestamp":1771306717376,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Province key scientific and technological projects of China","award":["20150204013GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20150204013GX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even when the Global Positioning System (GPS) signal is blocked, a rate gyroscope (gyro) north finder is capable of providing the required azimuth reference information to a certain extent. In order to measure the azimuth between the observer and the north direction very accurately, we propose a multi-position non-continuous rotation gyro north finding scheme. Our new generalized mathematical model analyzes the elements that affect the azimuth measurement precision and can thus provide high precision azimuth reference information. Based on the gyro\u2019s principle of detecting a projection of the earth rotation rate on its sensitive axis and the proposed north finding scheme, we are able to deduct an accurate mathematical model of the gyro outputs against azimuth with the gyro and shaft misalignments. Combining the gyro outputs model and the theory of propagation of uncertainty, some approaches to optimize north finding are provided, including reducing the gyro bias error, constraining the gyro random error, increasing the number of rotation points, improving rotation angle measurement precision, decreasing the gyro and the shaft misalignment angles. According them, a north finder setup is built and the azimuth uncertainty of 18\u201d is obtained. This paper provides systematic theory for analyzing the details of the gyro north finder scheme from simulation to implementation. The proposed theory can guide both applied researchers in academia and advanced practitioners in industry for designing high precision robust north finder based on different types of rate gyroscopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T10:21:45Z","timestamp":1474366905000},"page":"1513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Modeling and Implementation of Multi-Position Non-Continuous Rotation Gyroscope North Finder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Chengwu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-0061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjan","family":"Kuijper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research, Darmstadt 64283, Germany"},{"name":"Mathematical and Applied Visual Computing, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64283, Germany"}]},{"given":"Zhuoman","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China"}]},{"given":"Shaojin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19940692","article-title":"Method for finding true north using a fibre-optic gyroscope","volume":"30","author":"Dyott","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electron. lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035203","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/3\/035203","article-title":"Application of the vector modulation method to the north finder capability gyroscope as a directional sensor","volume":"22","author":"Celikel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meas. 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