{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:43:11Z","timestamp":1784180591392,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["51575543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51575543"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2014A030313211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014A030313211"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2015B010125004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015B010125004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro-needle electrodes (MEs) have attracted more and more attention for monitoring physiological electrical signals, including electrode-skin interface impedance (EII), electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiography (ECG) recording. A magnetization-induced self-assembling method (MSM) was developed to fabricate a microneedle array (MA). A MA coated with Ti\/Au film was assembled as a ME. The fracture and insertion properties of ME were tested by experiments. The bio-signal recording performance of the ME was measured and compared with a typical commercial wet electrode (Ag\/AgCl electrode). The results show that the MA self-assembled from the magnetic droplet array under the sum of gravitational surface tension and magnetic potential energies. The ME had good toughness and could easily pierce rabbit skin without being broken or buckling. When the compression force applied on the ME was larger than 2 N, ME could stably record EII, which was a lower value than that measured by Ag\/AgCl electrodes. EMG signals collected by ME varied along with the contraction of biceps brachii muscle. ME could record static ECG signals with a larger amplitude and dynamic ECG signals with more distinguishable features in comparison with a Ag\/AgCl electrode, therefore, ME is an alternative electrode for bio-signal monitoring in some specific situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T10:21:45Z","timestamp":1474366905000},"page":"1533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Fabrication of Micro-Needle Electrodes for Bio-Signal Recording by a Magnetization-Induced Self-Assembly Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Keyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfeng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lelun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/10\/E01","article-title":"The electrode-skin interface and optimal detection of bioelectric signals","volume":"31","author":"Merletti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-007-0168-z","article-title":"Electro-mechanical stability of surface EMG sensors","volume":"45","author":"Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-013-1609-5","article-title":"Characterization of alternating current impedance properties of biomedical electrodes","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, K.P., and Ruff, R. (2007, January 22\u201326). Flexible dry surface-electrodes for ECG long-term monitoring. Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353650"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.04.019","article-title":"Preliminary technological assessment of microneedles-based dry electrodes for biopotential monitoring in clinical examinations","volume":"180","author":"Forvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.04.037","article-title":"Microneedle-based electrodes with integrated through-silicon via for biopotential recording","volume":"186","author":"Pini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16265","DOI":"10.3390\/s150716265","article-title":"Curved microneedle array-based sEMG electrode for robust long-term measurements and high selectivity","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(02)00323-0","article-title":"A surface EMG electrode for the simultaneous observation of multiple facial muscles","volume":"123","author":"Lapatki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Meth."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.11.019","article-title":"Flexible polymeric dry electrodes for the long-term monitoring of ECG","volume":"143","author":"Baek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.06.025","article-title":"Fabrication and impedance measurement of novel metal dry bioelectrode","volume":"201","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.12.010","article-title":"Insertion of microneedles into skin: Measurement and prediction of insertion force and needle fracture force","volume":"37","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.01.020","article-title":"A microfabricated electrode with hollow microneedles for ECG measurement","volume":"151","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12370","DOI":"10.3390\/s140712370","article-title":"Developing barbed micro tip-based electrode arrays for biopotential measurement","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-012-1638-2","article-title":"A MEMS-based pyramid micro-needle electrode for long-term EEG measurement","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2012.2203790","article-title":"A flexible microneedle electrode array with solid silicon needles","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wang, R.X., Wei, Z.W., Wang, W., and Li, Z.H. (November, January 28). Flexible microneedle electrode array based-on parylene substrate. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, Okinawa, Japan."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.01.042","article-title":"Microneedle technologies for (trans)dermal drug and vaccine delivery","volume":"161","author":"Jiskoot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/14\/11\/005","article-title":"Non-photolithographic pattern transfer for fabricating pen-shaped microneedle structures","volume":"14","author":"Shikida","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4827302","article-title":"Development of three-dimension microelectrode array for bioelectric measurement using the liquid metal-micromolding technique","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2009.2039773","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of a parylene-based three-dimensional microelectrode array for use in retinal prosthesis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06GL10","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.52.06GL10","article-title":"Fabrication of polymer microneedle electrodes coated with nanoporous parylene","volume":"52","author":"Nishinaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060908","article-title":"Fabrication of a micro-needle array electrode by thermal drawing for bio-signals monitoring","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2015.08.025","article-title":"Magnetization-induced self-assembling method: Micro-needle array fabrication","volume":"227","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.05.020","article-title":"Characterization of skin penetration efficacy by Au-coated Si microneedle array electrode","volume":"232","author":"Resnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.08.012","article-title":"Effects of microneedle length, density, insertion time and multiple applications on human skin barrier function: Assessments by transepidermal water loss","volume":"24","author":"Gomaa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. in Vitro"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0302-9","article-title":"Performance evaluation of five types of Ag\/AgCl bio-electrodes for cerebral electrical impedance tomography","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14143","DOI":"10.1021\/la503341p","article-title":"Self-assembling array of magnetoelectrostatic jets from the surface of a superparamagnetic ionic liquid","volume":"30","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112077000731","article-title":"Formation of the hexagonal pattern on the surface of a ferromagnetic fluid in an applied magnetic field","volume":"82","author":"Gailitis","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3276","article-title":"Structured cone arrays for continuous and effective collection of micron-sized oil droplets from water","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2014.921926","article-title":"Smart microneedle coatings for controlled delivery and biomedical analysis","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.02.007","article-title":"Design and physicochemical characterisation of novel dissolving polymeric microneedle arrays for transdermal delivery of high dose, low molecular weight drugs","volume":"180","author":"McCrudden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3109\/10611860903085386","article-title":"Novel preparation of transdermal drug-delivery patches and functional wound healing materials","volume":"17","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hollow microneedle-based sensor for multiplexed transdermal electrochemical sensing","volume":"64","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2014.07.014","article-title":"Microneedle-based self-powered glucose sensor","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.01.016","article-title":"Polyplex-releasing microneedles for enhanced cutaneous delivery of DNA vaccine","volume":"179","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.04.080","article-title":"Microscopic gel-liquid interfaces supported by hollow microneedle array for voltammetric drug detection","volume":"201","author":"Vazquez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-013-1988-4","article-title":"A novel microneedle array for the treatment of hydrocephalus","volume":"20","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21289","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216441109","article-title":"Microstructured barbs on the north American porcupine quill enable easy tissue penetration and difficult removal","volume":"109","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045011","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/20\/4\/045011","article-title":"Sharpening of hollow silicon microneedles to reduce skin penetration force","volume":"20","author":"Khanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/84.911086","article-title":"Micromachined electrodes for biopotential measurements","volume":"10","author":"Griss","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.05.042","article-title":"A proposed model membrane and test method for microneedle insertion studies","volume":"472","author":"Larraneta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/9\/1533\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:31:18Z","timestamp":1760211078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/9\/1533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s16091533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16091533","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]}}}