{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:11Z","timestamp":1760242871498,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"973 program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012CB921603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB921603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61575113, 61475093, 61404104, 61378047, and 61275213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61575113, 61475093, 61404104, 61378047, and 61275213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2013021004-1, and 2012021022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013021004-1, and 2012021022-1"]}]},{"name":"the Program for the Outstanding Innovative Teams of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi"},{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University\u2019s program \u201cStrong research environments\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel, intensity-stabilized, fast-scanned, direct absorption spectroscopy (IS-FS-DAS) instrumentation, based on a distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser, is developed. A fiber-coupled polarization rotator and a fiber-coupled polarizer are used to stabilize the intensity of the laser, which significantly reduces its relative intensity noise (RIN). The influence of white noise is reduced by fast scanning over the spectral feature (at 1 kHz), followed by averaging. By combining these two noise-reducing techniques, it is demonstrated that direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) can be swiftly performed down to a limit of detection (LOD) (1\u03c3) of 4 \u00d7 10\u22126, which opens up a number of new applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T10:11:26Z","timestamp":1474452686000},"page":"1544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intensity-Stabilized Fast-Scanned Direct Absorption Spectroscopy Instrumentation Based on a Distributed Feedback Laser with Detection Sensitivity down to 4 \u00d7 10\u22126"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Jiajuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5 SE-901 87, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7379-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shanxi Polytechnic College, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Xuechun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Guohui Optoelectronic Technology CO., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Wangbao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Liantuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]},{"given":"Ove","family":"Axner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5 SE-901 87, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Suotang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1139895","article-title":"Cavity ring-down optical spectrometer for absorption measurements using pulsed laser sources","volume":"59","author":"Deacon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. 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