{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:14Z","timestamp":1760242874662,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61231013","61271195","61301083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61231013","61271195","61301083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of China","award":["61521091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61521091"]}]},{"name":"State Scholarship Fund of the China Scholarship Council (CSC)","award":["201406025008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201406025008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In wireless sensor networks, in order to satisfy the requirement of long working time of energy-limited nodes, we need to design an energy-efficient and lifetime-extended medium access control (MAC) protocol. In this paper, a node cooperation mechanism that one or multiple nodes with higher channel gain and sufficient residual energy help a sender relay its data packets to its recipient is employed to achieve this objective. We first propose a transmission power optimization algorithm to prolong network lifetime by optimizing the transmission powers of the sender and its cooperative nodes to maximize their minimum residual energy after their data packet transmissions. Based on it, we propose a corresponding power-optimized cooperative MAC protocol. A cooperative node contention mechanism is designed to ensure that the sender can effectively select a group of cooperative nodes with the lowest energy consumption and the best channel quality for cooperative transmissions, thus further improving the energy efficiency. Simulation results show that compared to typical MAC protocol with direct transmissions and energy-efficient cooperative MAC protocol, the proposed cooperative MAC protocol can efficiently improve the energy efficiency and extend the network lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]],"date-time":"2016-10-03T10:17:01Z","timestamp":1475489821000},"page":"1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Power-Optimized Cooperative MAC Protocol for Lifetime Extension in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network-Based Cooperative Air Traffic Management, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6448","DOI":"10.3390\/s130506448","article-title":"A novel power efficient location-based cooperative routing with transmission power-upper-limit for wireless sensor networks","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.1632658","article-title":"MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"44","author":"Demirkol","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.040412.00105","article-title":"The evolution of MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2010.6388497","article-title":"An adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5548","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605548","article-title":"An energy-efficient rate adaptive media access protocol (RA-MAC) for long-lived sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2015.7084398","article-title":"A novel energy efficient MAC protocol for wireless body area network","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.838089","article-title":"Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior","volume":"50","author":"Laneman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2006.877963","article-title":"Cooperative regions and partner choice in coded cooperative systems","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.912145","article-title":"Design criteria and performance analysis for distributed space-time coding","volume":"57","author":"Seddik","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.042313.00067","article-title":"MAC Protocols for cooperative diversity in wireless LANs and wireless sensor networks","volume":"16","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2012.0739","article-title":"Survey on cooperative medium access control protocols","volume":"7","author":"Ju","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.060811.101196","article-title":"Cross-layer cooperative MAC protocol in distributed wireless networks","volume":"10","author":"Shan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.060711.100480","article-title":"CoopGeo: A beaconless geographic cross-layer protocol for cooperative wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"10","author":"Aguilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.3390\/s100402793","article-title":"DRDT: Distributed and reliable data transmission with cooperative nodes for lossy wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2011.6112303","article-title":"Cooperative MAC protocol using active relays for multi-rate WLANs","volume":"13","author":"Oh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2007.070210","article-title":"CoopMAC: A cooperative MAC for wireless LANs","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2011.2159872","article-title":"Two-relay-based cooperative MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"60","author":"Khalid","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-009-0232-8","article-title":"CoopMACA: A cooperative MAC protocol using packet aggregation","volume":"16","author":"Jibukumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2226485","article-title":"Cooperative media access control with optimal relay selection in error-prone wireless networks","volume":"63","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2010.99","article-title":"A cooperative diversity-based robust MAC protocol in wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"22","author":"Moh","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2008.0130","article-title":"Differentiated cooperative multiple access for multimedia communications over fading wireless networks","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Lee, J.-K., Noh, H.-J., and Lim, J. (2013, January 28\u201330). A cooperative TDMA MAC protocol using dynamic slot assignment scheme. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), Bangkok, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.SUP.0513042","article-title":"CAH-MAC: Cooperative ADHOC MAC for vehicular networks","volume":"31","author":"Bharati","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817401","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/817401","article-title":"Persistent RCSMA: a MAC protocol for a distributed cooperative ARQ scheme in wireless networks","volume":"2008","author":"Kartsakli","year":"2008","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.05.003","article-title":"Energy efficient network coding-based MAC for cooperative ARQ wireless networks","volume":"11","author":"Antonopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2006.137","article-title":"rDCF: A relay-enabled medium access control protocol for wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.051311.101001","article-title":"DMT optimal cooperative protocols with destination-based selection of the best relay","volume":"10","author":"Escrig","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2013-264","article-title":"A rapid cooperation-differentiated medium access control protocol with packet piggyback for multihop wireless networks","volume":"2013","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2636","article-title":"CRP-CMAC: A priority-differentiated cooperative MAC protocol with contention resolution for multihop wireless networks","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.08.020","article-title":"A cooperative MAC protocol with rapid relay selection for wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1109\/WCL.2012.061212.120206","article-title":"Opportunistic energy efficient cooperative communication","volume":"1","author":"Amin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.102313.120411","article-title":"An energy saving throughput-optimal MAC protocol for cooperative MIMO transmissions","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.122010.100773","article-title":"Link-utility-based cooperative MAC protocol for wireless multi-hop networks","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.404012.110242","article-title":"Energy efficiency of cooperative relaying over a wireless link","volume":"11","author":"Abuzainab","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, W., Zheng, Z., Zhang, X., Chen, C., and Shen, X. (2012, January 3\u20137). Lifetime extended cooperative MAC protocol for wireless LANs. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2012.6503992"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.061097","article-title":"Energy-efficient cooperative communication based on power control and selective single-relay in wireless sensor networks","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-012-0330-y","article-title":"DEC-MAC: Delay- and energy-aware cooperative medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"68","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, C., Liu, J., Zheng, L., and Xu, H. (December, January 30). Lifetime maximization via a new cooperative MAC protocol in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2009), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2009.5426266"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Sun, X., Luo, J., and Wang, J. (2016). Cloud Computing and Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.896061","article-title":"Randomized space-time coding for distributed cooperative communication","volume":"55","author":"Scaglione","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.020712.101900","article-title":"STiCMAC: A MAC protocol for robust space-time coding in cooperative wireless LANs","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gokturk, M.S., Gurbuz, O., and Erkip, E. (2012, January 7\u201310). RECOMAC: A cross-layer cooperative network protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2012 5th International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS.2012.6208694"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2005.11010","article-title":"On the lifetime of wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/10\/1630\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:32:19Z","timestamp":1760211139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/10\/1630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s16101630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16101630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]}}}