{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:51:59Z","timestamp":1768593119709,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,4]],"date-time":"2016-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dissolved hydrogen is a symbol gas decomposed by power transformer oil for electrical faults such as overheat or partial discharges. A novel D-shaped fiber Bragg grating (D-FBG) sensor is herein proposed and was fabricated with magnetron sputtering to measure the dissolved hydrogen concentration in power transformer oil in this paper. Different from the RI (refractive index)-based effect, D-FBG in this case is sensitive to curvature caused by stress from sensing coating, leading to Bragg wavelength shifts accordingly. The relationship between the D-FBG wavelength shift and dissolved hydrogen concentration in oil was measured experimentally in the laboratory. The detected sensitivity could be as high as 1.96 \u03bcL\/L at every 1-pm wavelength shift. The results proved that a simple, polished FBG-based hydrogen sensor provides a linear measuring characteristic in the range of low hydrogen concentrations in transformer oil. Moreover, the stable hydrogen sensing performance was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,4]],"date-time":"2016-10-04T10:56:50Z","timestamp":1475578610000},"page":"1641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Research on High Sensitive D-Shaped FBG Hydrogen Sensors in Power Transformer Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ying-Ting","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo-Ming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Tu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1349-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-014-0181-4","article-title":"Transformer partial discharge monitoring based on optical fiber sensing","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, M.A., Sanchez, R., and Dulleck, G.R. (1996). Fiber Optic Hydrogen Sensor, Sandia National Laboratories.","DOI":"10.2172\/251330"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.09.080","article-title":"Optical fiber sensor for the continuous monitoring of hydrogen in oil","volume":"190","author":"Mak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2013.004381","article-title":"Fiber bragg grating sensor for hydrogen detection in power transformers","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3466981","article-title":"Side-polished fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensor with TbFeCo magnetoptic thin film","volume":"108","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4800706","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2013.2284244","article-title":"Metallic Grating on a D-Shaped Fiber for Refractive Index Sensing","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060922","article-title":"The Reusable Load Cell with Protection Applied for Online Monitoring of Overhead Transmission Lines Based on Fiber Bragg Grating","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4932675","article-title":"Note: Dissolved hydrogen detection in power transformer oil based on chemically etched fiber Bragg grating","volume":"86","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4918802","article-title":"Pd\/Ag coated fiber Bragg grating sensor for hydrogen monitoring in power transformers","volume":"86","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.006141","article-title":"Side-polished fiber Bragg grating hydrogen sensor with WO 3-Pd composite film as sensing materials","volume":"19","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2012.09.006","article-title":"Optical hydrogen sensor based on etched fiber Bragg grating sputtered with Pd\/Ag composite film","volume":"19","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2008.11.002","article-title":"Refractive index sensor based on measuring the transmission power of tilted fiber Bragg grating","volume":"15","author":"Miao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7394","DOI":"10.3390\/s140407394","article-title":"Fiber Bragg grating sensors toward structural health monitoring in composite materials: Challenges and solutions","volume":"14","author":"Kinet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z., Guo, T., Liu, F., Guan, B.O., Peng, G.D., and Albert, J. (2015, January 28). Reflective refractometer based on strong optical coupling between a tilted fiber Bragg grating and a parallel D-shaped fiber. Proceeding of the 24th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Curitiba, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2194702"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2005.846953","article-title":"High sensitivity evanescent field fiber Bragg grating sensor","volume":"17","author":"Chryssis","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2105462","article-title":"Analytical analysis of side-polished plastic optical fiber as curvature and refractive index sensor","volume":"29","author":"Bilro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.003855","article-title":"Sensitive DNA biosensor based on a long-period grating formed on the side-polished fiber surface","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11659","DOI":"10.3390\/s140711659","article-title":"Response Characterization of a Fiber Optic Sensor Array with Dye-Coated Planar Waveguide for Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2004.824972","article-title":"Thinned fiber Bragg gratings as high sensitivity refractive index sensor","volume":"16","author":"Iadicicco","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.03.001","article-title":"Cladless few mode fiber grating sensor for simultaneous refractive index and temperature measurement","volume":"228","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A: Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/10\/1641\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:32:24Z","timestamp":1760211144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/10\/1641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,4]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s16101641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16101641","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,4]]}}}