{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:46:24Z","timestamp":1783338384828,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,6]],"date-time":"2016-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of illumination and shooting distance on crack image recognition were investigated by examining cracks in images taken with a camera. In order to examine the effects, images of cracks in a concrete structure taken while varying the illumination and shooting distance in an outdoor environment were analyzed. The images were acquired at a daytime illumination of 52,000 lx and a night illumination of 13 lx. The crack specimen images produced for the experiment were taken by increasing the shooting distance from 5 m to 100 m in each illumination. On the basis of the analysis on the modulation transfer function (MTF) and contrast sensitivity of the crack images, the effects of illumination and shooting distance on the sharpness of the crack images were investigated. The minimum crack widths that can be identified under each illumination were analyzed using MTF10 and Weber contrast 0.1, respectively. It was found that as the shooting distance increases, the effects of illumination on crack recognition become greater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,6]],"date-time":"2016-10-06T10:18:56Z","timestamp":1475749136000},"page":"1646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Analysis of Crack Image Recognition Characteristics in Concrete Structures Depending on the Illumination and Image Acquisition Distance through Outdoor Experiments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Woo","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Virtual Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk-Jin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute, University of Science and Technology, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Chan","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Han-Yang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhou, F.P. 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