{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:18Z","timestamp":1760242878069,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an all-digital low-power oscillator for reference clocks in wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The proposed on-chip complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) oscillator provides low-frequency clock signals with low power consumption, high delay resolution, and low circuit complexity. The cascade-stage structure of the proposed design simultaneously achieves high resolution and a wide frequency range. The proposed hysteresis delay cell further reduces the power consumption and hardware costs by 92.4% and 70.4%, respectively, relative to conventional designs. The proposed design is implemented in a standard performance 0.18 \u03bcm CMOS process. The measured operational frequency ranged from 7 to 155 MHz, and the power consumption was improved to 79.6 \u03bcW (@7 MHz) with a 4.6 ps resolution. The proposed design can be implemented in an all-digital manner, which is highly desirable for system-level integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T09:40:29Z","timestamp":1476438029000},"page":"1710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Low-Power All-Digital on-Chip CMOS Oscillator for a Wireless Sensor Node"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Duo","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Rong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otto, C.A., Jovanov, E., and Milenkovic, A.A. (2006, January 4\u20136). WBAN-based system for health monitoring at home. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE-EMBS International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSMDBS.2006.360087"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2028940","article-title":"A 0.5 V 4.85 Mbps dual-mode baseband transceiver with extended frequency calibration for biotelemetry applications","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Body Area Networks (BAN), IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group 6, November 2007. Available online: http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/15\/pub\/TG6.html."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"637","article-title":"A robust frequency tracking loop for energy-efficient crystal-less WBAN systems","volume":"58","author":"Sung","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhermet, H., Condemine, C., Plissonnier, M., Salot, R., Audebert, P., and Rosset, M. (2007, January 11\u201315). Efficient power management circuit: Thermal energy harvesting to above-IC microbattery energy storage. Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2007.373588"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"951","article-title":"A sub-10-\u03bcW digitally controlled oscillator based on hysteresis delay cell topologies for WBAN applications","volume":"57","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2003.819083","article-title":"An experimental coin-sized radio for extremely low-power WPAN (IEEE 802.15.4) application at 2.4 GHz","volume":"38","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Razavi, B. (1998). RF Microelectronics, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2005.857370","article-title":"A monotonic digitally controlled delay element","volume":"40","author":"Sachdev","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2003.819128","article-title":"Digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)-based architecture for RF frequency synthesis in a deep-submicrometer CMOS process","volume":"50","author":"Staszewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Analog Digit. Signal. Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2004.826333","article-title":"A digitally controlled PLL for SoC applications","volume":"39","author":"Olsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2002.807398","article-title":"An all digital phase-locked loop for high-speed clock generation","volume":"38","author":"Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2005.846307","article-title":"A portable digitally controlled oscillator using novel varactors","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"954","article-title":"An ultra-low-power and portable digitally controlled oscillator for SoC applications","volume":"54","author":"Sheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Exp. Briefs"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"673","article-title":"A low-power DCO using interlaced hysteresis delay cells","volume":"59","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Exp. Briefs"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20020687","article-title":"Low power Schmitt trigger circuits","volume":"38","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M.-C., Yu, J.-Y., and Lee, C.-Y. (2009, January 16\u201318). A Sub-100 \u03bcW Area-Efficient Digitally-Controlled Oscillator Based on Hysteresis Delay Cell Topologies. Proceedings of the IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (ASSCC), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASSCC.2009.5357186"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sedra, A.S., and Simth, K.C. (2014). Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"149","article-title":"Built-in self-calibration circuit for monotonic digitally controlled oscillator design in 65-nm CMOS technology","volume":"58","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Systems II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Monotonic wide-range digitally controlled oscillator compensated for supply voltage variation","volume":"55","author":"Moon","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Exp. Briefs"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/10\/1710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:33:04Z","timestamp":1760211184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/10\/1710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s16101710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16101710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]}}}