{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T22:25:41Z","timestamp":1778797541299,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]],"date-time":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 104-2627-E-009-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2627-E-009-001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-10-2-0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-10-2-0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-10-D-0002\/TO 0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-10-D-0002\/TO 0023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates alternative material compositions for flexible silicone-based dry electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes to improve the performance lifespan while maintaining high-fidelity transmission of EEG signals. Electrode materials were fabricated with varying concentrations of silver-coated silica and silver flakes to evaluate their electrical, mechanical, and EEG transmission performance. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the initial electrode development identified some weak points in the sensors\u2019 construction, including particle pull-out and ablation of the silver coating on the silica filler. The newly-developed sensor materials achieved significant improvement in EEG measurements while maintaining the advantages of previous silicone-based electrodes, including flexibility and non-toxicity. The experimental results indicated that the proposed electrodes maintained suitable performance even after exposure to temperature fluctuations, 85% relative humidity, and enhanced corrosion conditions demonstrating improvements in the environmental stability. Fabricated flat (forehead) and acicular (hairy sites) electrodes composed of the optimum identified formulation exhibited low impedance and reliable EEG measurement; some initial human experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using these silicone-based electrodes for typical lab data collection applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]],"date-time":"2016-10-31T11:09:46Z","timestamp":1477912186000},"page":"1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["New Flexible Silicone-Based EEG Dry Sensor Material Compositions Exhibiting Improvements in Lifespan, Conductivity, and Reliability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yi-Hsin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interactive Entertainment Design, China University of Technology, Taipei 11695, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Hsun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Che-Lun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Teng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Hairston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Branch, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Mrozek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macromolecular Science and Technology Branch, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langenhove, L.V. (2007). Smart Textiles for Medicine and Healthcare: Materials, Systems and Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845692933"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Paul, L., and Nunez, R.S. (2006). Electric Fields of the Brain: The Neurophysics of EEG, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5724","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605724","article-title":"Windows on the human body\u2014In vivo high-field magnetic resonance research and applications in medicine and psychology","volume":"10","author":"Moser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90050-7","article-title":"High-resolution EEG-124-channel recording, spatial deblurring and mri integration methods","volume":"90","author":"Gevins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electroen. Clin. Neuro."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-8-11","article-title":"Spatial and temporal EEG dynamics of dual-task driving performance","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39473-7_122","article-title":"Automatic sleep stage classification gui with a portable EEG device","volume":"Volume 373","author":"Stephanidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hci International 2013-Posters\u2019 Extended Abstracts"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2102353","article-title":"Novel dry polymer foam electrodes for long-term EEG measurement","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00533-2","article-title":"Scalp electrode impedance, infection risk, and EEG data quality","volume":"112","author":"Ferree","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.12.025","article-title":"A new EEG recording system for passive dry electrodes","volume":"121","author":"Gargiulo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merletti, R. (2010). The electrode-skin interface and optimal detection of bioelectric signals. Physiol. Meas., 31.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/10\/E01"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046018","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/4\/046018","article-title":"Usability of four commercially-oriented EEG systems","volume":"11","author":"Whitaker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5819","DOI":"10.3390\/s110605819","article-title":"Design, fabrication and experimental validation of a novel dry-contact sensor for measuring electroencephalography signals without skin preparation","volume":"11","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025008","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/2\/025008","article-title":"Bristle-sensors\u2014Low-cost flexible passive dry EEG electrodes for neurofeedback and BCI applications","volume":"8","author":"Grozea","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2014.2367518","article-title":"Design, fabrication, and experimental validation of novel flexible silicon-based dry sensors for electroencephalography signal measurements","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-013-1799-7","article-title":"A novel MEMS elastic-based dry electrode for electroencephalography measurement","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Chiou, J.C., Ko, L.W., Lin, C.T., Hong, C.T., Jung, T.P., Liang, S.F., and Jeng, J.L. (December, January 29). Using Novel MEMS EEG Sensors in Detecting Drowsiness Application. Proceedings of the Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS 2006), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2013.2260791","article-title":"Real-world neuroimaging technologies","volume":"1","author":"Mcdowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2184830","article-title":"Brain-computer interface technologies in the coming decades","volume":"100","author":"Lance","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.03.090","article-title":"Multisensory integration in children: A preliminary ERP study","volume":"1242","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.11.036","article-title":"The auditory p200 is both increased and reduced in schizophrenia? A meta-analytic dissociation of the effect for standard and target stimuli in the oddball task","volume":"123","author":"Silveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Macy, A.J. The Handbook of Human Physiological Recording. Available online: http:\/\/www.alanmacy.com\/HPR-Chapter10.html."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (2006). Guideline 3: Minimum technical standards for EEG recording in suspected cerebral death. Clin. Neurophysiol., 23, 97.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200604000-00004"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/machines2010087","article-title":"Problems in assessment of novel biopotential front-end with dry electrode: A brief review","volume":"2","author":"Gargiulo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"52","article-title":"Better than random: A closer look on BCI results","volume":"10","author":"Scherer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioelectromag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1166\/jnsne.2013.1042","article-title":"Development of a brain-controlled rehabilitation system (BCRS)","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Neuroeng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-5","article-title":"Gaming control using a wearable and wireless EEG-based brain-computer interface device with novel dry foam-based sensors","volume":"9","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00053","article-title":"A dry EEG-system for scientific research and brain\u2013computer interfaces","volume":"5","author":"Zander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Makeig, S., and Onton, J. (2009). ERP Features and EEG Dynamics: An ICA Perspective, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"Eeglab: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/11\/1826\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:34:26Z","timestamp":1760211266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/11\/1826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s16111826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16111826","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]}}}