{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:11:31Z","timestamp":1768619491124,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PoC Forsknings og innovations styrelsen","award":["AU-2011-136-164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AU-2011-136-164"]}]},{"name":"The Danish GUDP Program by the Danish Agrifish Agency","award":["3409-13-0752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3409-13-0752"]}]},{"name":"The Danish National Advanced  Technology Foundation","award":["046-2009-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["046-2009-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The stricter legislation within the European Union for the regulation of herbicides that are prone to leaching causes a greater economic burden on the agricultural industry through taxation. Owing to the increased economic burden, research in reducing herbicide usage has been prompted. High-resolution images from digital cameras support the studying of plant characteristics. These images can also be utilized to analyze shape and texture characteristics for weed identification. Instead of detecting weed patches, weed density can be estimated at a sub-patch level, through which even the identification of a single plant is possible. The aim of this study is to adapt the monocot and dicot coverage ratio vision (MoDiCoVi) algorithm to estimate dicotyledon leaf cover, perform grid spraying in real time, and present initial results in terms of potential herbicide savings in maize. The authors designed and executed an automated, large-scale field trial supported by the Armadillo autonomous tool carrier robot. The field trial consisted of 299 maize plots. Half of the plots (parcels) were planned with additional seeded weeds; the other half were planned with naturally occurring weeds. The in-situ evaluation showed that, compared to conventional broadcast spraying, the proposed method can reduce herbicide usage by 65% without measurable loss in biological effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T11:18:38Z","timestamp":1478258318000},"page":"1848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Dicotyledon Weed Quantification Algorithm for Selective Herbicide Application in Maize Crops"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4532-4810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Laursen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-1674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Midtiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7630-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kjeld","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGROINTELLI, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Giselsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Technological Institute, Robot Technology, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroecology\u2014Crop Health, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroecology\u2014Crop Health, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2006.06.011","article-title":"Precise tillage systems for enhanced non-chemical weed management","volume":"97","author":"Kurstjens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter (2000). 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