{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:12:00Z","timestamp":1760213520651,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a novel routing strategy to cater the energy consumption and delay sensitivity issues in deep underwater wireless sensor networks is proposed. This strategy is named as ESDR: Event Segregation based Delay sensitive Routing. In this strategy sensed events are segregated on the basis of their criticality and, are forwarded to their respective destinations based on forwarding functions. These functions depend on different routing metrics like: Signal Quality Index, Localization free Signal to Noise Ratio, Energy Cost Function and Depth Dependent Function. The problem of incomparable values of previously defined forwarding functions causes uneven delays in forwarding process. Hence forwarding functions are redefined to ensure their comparable values in different depth regions. Packet forwarding strategy is based on the event segregation approach which forwards one third of the generated events (delay sensitive) to surface sinks and two third events (normal events) are forwarded to mobile sinks. Motion of mobile sinks is influenced by the relative distribution of normal nodes. We have also incorporated two different mobility patterns named as; adaptive mobility and uniform mobility for mobile sinks. The later one is implemented for collecting the packets generated by the normal nodes. These improvements ensure optimum holding time, uniform delay and in-time reporting of delay sensitive events. This scheme is compared with the existing ones and outperforms the existing schemes in terms of network lifetime, delay and throughput.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T11:18:38Z","timestamp":1478258318000},"page":"1850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Improved Forwarding of Diverse Events with Mobile Sinks in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Waseem","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, UET Taxila, Taxila 47080, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Farzana","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, UET Taxila, Taxila 47080, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7751-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Management Sciences (IMS), Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6871-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wadood","family":"Abdul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Sanaa","family":"Ghouzali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iftikhar","family":"Niaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadeem","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Issues in underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Manjula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A., Wahid, A., and Kim, D. (2013, January 3\u20138). AEERP: AUV aided energy efficient routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor network. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Workshop on Performance Monitoring and Measurement of Heterogeneous Wireless and Wired Networks, Barcelona, Spain.","key":"ref_2","DOI":"10.1145\/2512840.2512848"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2389","article-title":"Analysis of depth based routing protocols in under water sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Anand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Comput. Softw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2007.574.582","article-title":"Ad hoc mobile wireless networks routing protocols\u2014A review","volume":"3","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.9790\/0661-1115155","article-title":"Review paper on performance analysis of AODV, DSDV, OLSR on the basis of packet delivery","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2013","journal-title":"IOSR J. Comput. Eng."},{"unstructured":"Jacquet, P., M\u00fchlethaler, P., Clausen, T., Laouiti, A., Qayyum, A., and Viennot, L. (2001, January 28\u201330). Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Multi Topic Conference 2001: Technology for the 21st Century, Lahore, Pakistan.","key":"ref_6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1145\/190809.190336","article-title":"Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers","volume":"24","author":"Perkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"unstructured":"Perkins, C., Belding-Royer, E., and Das, S. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc3561.","key":"ref_8"},{"unstructured":"Higaki, H., and Umeshima, S. (2004, January 26\u201330). Multiple-route ad hoc on-demand distance vector (MRAODV) routing protocol. Proceedings of the 18th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium, Santa Fe, NM, USA.","key":"ref_9"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"139","article-title":"DSR: The dynamic source routing protocol for multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"545","article-title":"Performance comparison of AODV, DSDV, OLSR and DSR routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks","volume":"2","author":"Ade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol. Knowl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"337","article-title":"Performance comparison of wireless mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols","volume":"8","author":"Lokanatha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"unstructured":"Ahmed, S., Khan, I., Rasheed, M.B., Ilahi, M., Khan, R., Bouk, S.H., and Javaid, N. (2013). Comparative analysis of routing protocols for under water wireless sensor networks. arXiv.","key":"ref_13"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202026","article-title":"Localization algorithms of underwater wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2013.02.001","article-title":"Localization for anchor-free underwater sensor networks","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379382","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/379382","article-title":"Localization algorithms in large-scale underwater acoustic sensor networks: A quantitative comparison","volume":"2014","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2338293","article-title":"Game-theoretic topology controlfor opportunistic localizationin sparse underwater sensor networks","volume":"14","author":"Misra","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson, E., Beaujean, P.-P., and An, E. (2006, January 18\u201321). Location-aware routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2006, Boston, MA, USA.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2006.306965"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, P., Cui, J.-H., and Lao, L. (2006, January 15\u201319). VBF: Vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the Networking 2006\u2014Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems, Coimbra, Portugal.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.1007\/11753810_111"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195910","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/195910","article-title":"Efficient vector-based forwarding for underwater sensor networks","volume":"2010","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Ji, X.P., Yang, G., and Cong, Y.P. (2012, January 11\u201313). LE-VBF: Lifetime-extended vector-based forwarding routing. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS), Nanjing, China.","key":"ref_21","DOI":"10.1109\/CSSS.2012.304"},{"unstructured":"Xie, P., Zhou, Z., Peng, Z., Cui, J.-H., and Shi, Z. (2009). Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, Springer.","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.06.166","article-title":"Localized algorithm for segregation of critical\/non-critical nodes in mobile ad hoc and sensor networks","volume":"19","author":"Imran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.1079","article-title":"DFR: An efficient directional flooding-based routing protocol in underwater sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-D., Lien, C.-Y., Wang, C.-H., and Shih, K.-P. (2012, January 21\u201324). DARP: A depth adaptive routing protocol for large-scale underwater acoustic sensor networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2012, Yeosu, Korea.","key":"ref_25","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS-Yeosu.2012.6263505"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173089","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/173089","article-title":"Relative distance based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless networks","volume":"2014","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2010.2055886","article-title":"Efficient multipath communication for time-critical applications in underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., Shi, Z.J., and Cui, J.-H. (2008, January 5\u20139). Dbr: Depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the NETWORKING 2008 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet, Singapore.","key":"ref_28","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79549-0_7"},{"unstructured":"Liu, G., and Li, Z. (2010, January 30\u201331). Depth-based multi-hop routing protocol for underwater sensor network. Proceedings of the 2010 2nd International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation (ICIMA), Wuhan, China.","key":"ref_29"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.08.023","article-title":"WDFAD-DBR: Weighting depth and forwarding area division DBR routing protocol for UASNs","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, U., Wang, P., Noh, Y., Vieira, L.F., Gerla, M., and Cui, J.-H. (2010, January 14\u201319). Pressure routing for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2016, San Diego, CA, USA.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2010.5461986"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.53","article-title":"VAPR: Void-aware pressure routing for underwater sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Noh","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.28","article-title":"QELAR: A machine-learning-based adaptive routing protocol for energy-efficient and lifetime-extended underwater sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopi, S., Kannan, G., Chander, D., Desai, U., and Merchant, S. (2008, January 19\u201323). PULRP: Path unaware layered routing protocol for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC \u201908), Beijing, China.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2008.591"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.091510.090452","article-title":"E-PULRP: Energy optimized path unaware layered routing protocol for underwater sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Gopi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307246","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/307246","article-title":"An energy efficient localization-free routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"2012","author":"Wahid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayaz, M., and Abdullah, A. (2009, January 20\u201322). Hop-by-hop dynamic addressing based (H2-DAB) routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Multimedia Technology (ICIMT \u201909), San Francisco, CA, USA.","key":"ref_37","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIMT.2009.70"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahid, A., and Kim, D. (2012, January 15\u201317). Connectivity-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Proceedings of the ICT Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, Korea.","key":"ref_38","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2012.6387207"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basagni, S., Petrioli, C., Petroccia, R., and Spaccini, D. (2012, January 21\u201324). Channel-aware routing for underwater wireless networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2012, Yeosu, Korea.","key":"ref_39","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS-Yeosu.2012.6263538"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafri, M.R., Ahmed, S., Javaid, N., Ahmad, Z., and Qureshi, R. (2013, January 28\u201330). AMCTD: Adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized DBR protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2013 Eighth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA), Compiegne, France.","key":"ref_40","DOI":"10.1109\/BWCCA.2013.24"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213012","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/213012","article-title":"iAMCTD: Improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized DBR protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"2014","author":"Javaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Meng, C., and Cao, F. (2015, January 23\u201325). Simulated research on passive sonar range using different hydrographic conditions. Proceedings of the MATEC Web of Conferences, Lisbon, Portugal.","key":"ref_42","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20153504003"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/1347364.1347373","article-title":"On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel","volume":"11","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"unstructured":"Harris, A.F., and Zorzi, M. (2007, January 22\u201326). Modeling the underwater acoustic channel in NS2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools, Nantes, France.","key":"ref_44"},{"unstructured":"Villarino, M.B. (arXiv, 2008). Ramanujan\u2019s perimeter of an ellipse, arXiv.","key":"ref_45"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/11\/1850\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:34:44Z","timestamp":1760211284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/11\/1850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s16111850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16111850","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]}}}