{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T17:06:49Z","timestamp":1763226409845,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weak voltage signals cannot be reliably measured using currently available logging tools when these tools are subject to high-temperature (up to 200 \u00b0C) environments for prolonged periods. In this paper, we present a digital lock-in amplifier (DLIA) capable of operating at temperatures of up to 200 \u00b0C. The DLIA contains a low-noise instrument amplifier and signal acquisition and the corresponding signal processing electronics. The high-temperature stability of the DLIA is achieved by designing system-in-package (SiP) and multi-chip module (MCM) components with low thermal resistances. An effective look-up-table (LUT) method was developed for the lock-in amplifier algorithm, to decrease the complexity of the calculations and generate less heat than the traditional way. The performance of the design was tested by determining the linearity, gain, Q value, and frequency characteristic of the DLIA between 25 and 200 \u00b0C. The maximal nonlinear error in the linearity of the DLIA working at 200 \u00b0C was about 1.736% when the equivalent input was a sine wave signal with an amplitude of between 94.8 and 1896.0 nV and a frequency of 800 kHz. The tests showed that the DLIA proposed could work effectively in high-temperature environments up to 200 \u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T10:05:56Z","timestamp":1478858756000},"page":"1899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Digital Lock-In Amplifier for Use at Temperatures of up to 200 \u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingjun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Well-Tech R&amp;D Institutes, China Oilfield Service Limited, Beijing 101149, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25260","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025260","article-title":"A high performance LIA-based interface for battery powered sensing devices","volume":"15","author":"Valero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1854196","article-title":"A low-cost, high-performance, digital signal processor-based lock-in amplifier capable of measuring multiple frequency sweeps simultaneously","volume":"76","author":"Sonnaillon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. 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