{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:23:53Z","timestamp":1781306633612,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]],"date-time":"2016-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-power wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operating in unlicensed spectrum bands may seriously suffer from interference from other coexisting radio systems, such as IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks. In this paper, we consider the improvement of the transmission performance of low-power WSNs by adjusting the transmission rate and the payload size in response to the change of co-channel interference. We estimate the probability of transmission failure and the data throughput and then determine the payload size to maximize the throughput performance. We investigate that the transmission time maximizing the normalized throughput is not much affected by the transmission rate, but rather by the interference condition. We adjust the transmission rate and the transmission time in response to the change of the channel and interference condition, respectively. Finally, we verify the performance of the proposed scheme by computer simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves data throughput compared with conventional schemes while preserving energy efficiency even in the presence of interference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]],"date-time":"2016-11-14T11:39:50Z","timestamp":1479123590000},"page":"1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Interference-Robust Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1809-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Seok","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and INMC, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and INMC, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2007.343615","article-title":"Commercial Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks Using ZigBee","volume":"45","author":"Wheeler","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sikora, A., and Groza, V. (2005, January 16\u201319). Coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4 with Other Systems in the 2.4 GHz-ISM-Band. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (ITMC), Ottawa, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.925346","article-title":"Experimental Study of Coexistence Issues between IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Networks","volume":"57","author":"Angrisani","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2188349","article-title":"Impacts of 2.4-GHz ISM band Interference on IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Network Reliability in Buildings","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6685769","article-title":"Performance of RPL under Wireless Interference","volume":"51","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.06112","article-title":"Packet Error Rate Analysis of ZigBee under WLAN and Bluetooth Interferences","volume":"6","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-011-0452-y","article-title":"Coexistence Performance of IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks Under IEEE 802.11b\/g Interference","volume":"68","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2008.016461","article-title":"Minimising the Effect of WiFi Interference in 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"3","author":"Terzis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1387663.1387664","article-title":"Defending Wireless Sensor Networks from Radio Interference through Channel Adaptation","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2010.2091655","article-title":"Developing ZigBee Development Guideline under WiFi Interference for Smart Grid Applications","volume":"2","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Han, J.S., Kim, H.S., Bang, J.S., and Lee, Y.H. (2011, January 5\u20139). Interference Mitigation in IEEE 802.15.4 Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2014.2300114","article-title":"Analysis and Experimental Verification of Frequency-Based Interference Avoidance Mechanisms in IEEE 802.15.4","volume":"23","author":"Tytgat","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Jeong, W., and Lee, J. (2012, January 18). Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4e DSME MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2012 First IEEE Workshop on Enabling Technologies for Smartphone and Internet of Things (ETSIoT), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11734","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911734","article-title":"Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology","volume":"12","author":"Gomez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Xing, G., Zhou, G., and Zhou, R. (2010, January 5\u20138). Beyond Co-Existence: Exploiting WiFi White Space for ZigBee Performance Assurance. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2010.5762779"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2012.091312.120237","article-title":"Real-World Empirical Studies on Multi-Channel Reliability and Spectrum Usage for Home-Area Sensor Networks","volume":"10","author":"Sha","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.021412.100185","article-title":"Mitigation of Co-Channel Interference in Bluetooth Piconets","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2012.2200499","article-title":"Cooperative Carrier Signaling: Harmonizing Coexisting WPAN and WLAN Devices","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, J., Chang, B., Cho, D.K., and Gerla, M. (2009, January 1\u20133). Minimizing 802.11 Interference on ZigBee Medical Sensors. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Body Area Networks (BodyNets), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.BODYNETS2009.6029"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, C.J.M., Priyantha, N.B., Liu, J., and Terzis, A. (2010, January 3\u20135). Surviving Wi-Fi Interference in Low Power ZigBee Networks. Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1869983.1870014"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, P., Cao, J., Zhang, K., and Liu, X. (May, January 27). Enhancing ZigBee Throughput under WiFi Interference Using Real-Time Adaptive Coding. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Toronto, ON, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6848236"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanzisera, S., Mehta, A.M., and Pister, K. (2009, January 14\u201318). Reducing Average Power in Wireless Sensor Networks through Data Rate Adaptation. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2009.5199403"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.012414.121106","article-title":"Dynamic Packet Length Control in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2007.070515","article-title":"Payload Length and Rate Adaptation for Multimedia Communications in Wireless LANs","volume":"25","author":"Chouldhury","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganti, R.K., Jayachandra, P., Luo, H., and Abdelzaher, T.F. (2006, January 1\u20133). Datalink Streaming in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Boulder, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1182807.1182829"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-014-0722-1","article-title":"iFrag: Interference-Aware Frame Fragmentation Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"20","author":"Shaowail","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM J. Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Meer, A., Daghistani, A., and Shihada, B. (September, January 30). An Energy Efficient Hybrid Interference-Resilient Frame Fragmentation for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.08.006","article-title":"Green Partial Packet Recovery in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"58","author":"Daghistani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.112","article-title":"E-MiLi: Energy-Minimizing Idle Listening in Wireless Networks","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.S., Cho, H., Lee, M.S., Paek, J., Ko, J.G., and Bahk, S. (2015, January 1\u20134). MarketNet: An Asymmetric Transmission Power-Based Wireless System for Managing e-Price Tags in Markets. Proceedings of the 13th ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2809695.2809717"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chebrolu, K., Raman, B., Mishra, N., Valiveti, P.K., and Kumar, R. (2008, January 17\u201320). BriMon: A Sensor Network System for Railway Bridge Monitoring. Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys), Breckenridge, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1378600.1378603"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"18","article-title":"Deploying a Wireless Sensor Network on an Active Volcano","volume":"10","author":"Lorincz","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Pakzad, S., Culler, D., Demmel, J., Fenves, G., Glaser, S., and Turon, M. (2007, January 25\u201327). Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures Using Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 6th ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2007.4379685"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Paek, J., Chintalapudi, K., Cafferey, J., Govindan, R., and Masri, S. (2005, January 30\u201331). A wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring: Performance and experience. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNetS-II), Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"IEEE SA-802.15.4-2006-IEEE Standard for Information technology-Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific requirements-Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). Available online: https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/findstds\/standard\/802.15.4-2006.html."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Punnoose, R.-J., Nikitin, P.-V., and Stancil, D.-D. (2000, January 24\u201328). Efficient Simulation of Ricean Fading within a Packet Simulator. Proceedings of the IEEE 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran, I., and Roy, S. (December, January 27). On the impact of clear channel assessment on mac performance. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2006.884"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2008.080109","article-title":"Cognitive Medium Access: Constraining Interference Based on Experimental Models","volume":"26","author":"Geirhofer","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.05.001","article-title":"Closing the Gap between Traffic Workload and Channel Occupancy Models for 802.11 Networks","volume":"21","author":"Glaropoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J.S., Kim, T.H., and Lee, Y.H. (2013, January 7\u201310). Robust Transmission of the IEEE 802.15.4 Signal in the Presence of Co-Channel Interference. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2013.6554538"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Atmel AT86RF231. Available online: http:\/\/www.atmel.com\/devices\/at86rf231.aspx."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, F., and Mitchell, J.E. (2011, January 20\u201322). Performance Estimation of Adaptive Spreading Code Length for Energy Efficient WSN. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Wireless Advanced (WiAD), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiAd.2011.5983290"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"IEEE SA-802.15.4g-2012: IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 3: Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Data-Rate, Wireless, Smart Metering Utility Networks. Available online: http:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/findstds\/standard\/802.15.4g-2012.html."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"IEEE SA-802.15.4e-2012: IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC sublayer. Available online: http:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/findstds\/standard\/802.15.4e-2012.html."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2014.064435","article-title":"Collision-free multichannel superframe scheduling for IEEE 802.15.4 cluster-tree networks","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W., Hwang, K., Jeon, Y., and Choi, S. (2011, January 17\u201322). Distributed Fast Beacon Scheduling for Mesh Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2011.79"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/11\/1910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:35:29Z","timestamp":1760211329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/11\/1910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s16111910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16111910","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]]}}}