{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:45:49Z","timestamp":1769762749331,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]],"date-time":"2016-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Technology of China","award":["2011BAI08B13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011BAI08B13"]}]},{"name":"Military Program of PLA","award":["AWS14C006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWS14C006"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific and Technological Project of Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2016SF-266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016SF-266"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["51477176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51477176"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["31600799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31600799"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is a severe cerebrovascular disease and is the second greatest cause of death worldwide. Because diagnostic tools (CT and MRI) to detect acute stroke cannot be used until the patient reaches the hospital setting, a portable diagnostic tool is urgently needed. Because biological tissues have different impedance spectra under normal physiological conditions and different pathological states, multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (MFEIT) can potentially detect stroke. Accurate impedance spectra of normal brain tissue (gray and white matter) and stroke lesions (ischemic and hemorrhagic tissue) are important elements when studying stroke detection with MFEIT. To our knowledge, no study has comprehensively measured the impedance spectra of normal brain tissue and stroke lesions for the whole frequency range of 1 MHz within as short as possible an ex vivo time and using the same animal model. In this study, we established intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic models in rabbits, then measured and analyzed the impedance spectra of normal brain tissue and stroke lesions ex vivo within 15 min after animal death at 10 Hz to 1 MHz. The results showed that the impedance spectra of stroke lesions significantly differed from those of normal brain tissue; the ratio of change in impedance of ischemic and hemorrhagic tissue with regard to frequency was distinct; and tissue type could be discriminated according to its impedance spectra. These findings further confirm the feasibility of detecting stroke with MFEIT and provide data supporting further study of MFEIT to detect stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T11:16:05Z","timestamp":1479726965000},"page":"1942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Ex-Vivo Characterization of Bioimpedance Spectroscopy of Normal, Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Rabbit Brain Tissue at Frequencies from 10 Hz to 1 MHz"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Canhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60694-7","article-title":"Stroke","volume":"371","author":"Donnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000157","article-title":"Executive summary: Heart disease and stroke statistics-2015 update a report from the american heart association","volume":"131","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e562","article-title":"Expansion of the time window for treatment of acute ischemic stroke with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator: A science advisory from the american heart association\/american stroke association","volume":"41","author":"Zoppo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6959","article-title":"Time to treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and outcome from acute ischemic stroke","volume":"309","author":"Saver","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10895","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610895","article-title":"The theory and fundamentals of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/003","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. 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