{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T23:02:29Z","timestamp":1772838149492,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We build on the concept of hot intrusion embossing to develop a one-step fabrication method for thermoplastic microfluidic channels containing integrated three-dimensional features. This was accomplished with simple, rapid-to-fabricate imprint templates containing microcavities that locally control the intrusion of heated thermoplastic based on their cross-sectional geometries. The use of circular, rectangular and triangular cavity geometries was demonstrated for the purposes of forming posts, multi-focal length microlense arrays, walls, steps, tapered features and three-dimensional serpentine microchannels. Process variables, such as temperature and pressure, controlled feature dimensions without affecting the overall microchannel geometry. The approach was demonstrated for polycarbonate, cycloolefin copolymer and polystyrene, but in principle is applicable to any thermoplastic. The approach is a step forward towards rapid fabrication of complex, robust, microfluidic platforms with integrated multi-functional elements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T10:09:48Z","timestamp":1480414188000},"page":"2023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["One-Step Fabrication of Microchannels with Integrated Three Dimensional Features by Hot Intrusion Embossing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mike","family":"Debono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"},{"name":"FlowJEM Inc., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Voicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"},{"name":"FlowJEM Inc., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Pousti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FlowJEM Inc., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Kumacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"},{"name":"FlowJEM Inc., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0880-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Greener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FlowJEM Inc., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1039\/c0lc00438c","article-title":"Hydrophilic polycarbonate for generation of oil in water emulsions in microfluidic devices","volume":"11","author":"Derzsi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc20951a","article-title":"Education: A microfluidic platform for university-level analytical chemistry laboratories","volume":"12","author":"Greener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1039\/B812812J","article-title":"High-pressure needle interface for thermoplastic microfluidics","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1039\/b912014a","article-title":"High-pressure on-chip mechanical valves for thermoplastic microfluidic devices","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1039\/C1AN15940B","article-title":"Development and applications of a microfluidic reactor with multiple analytical probes","volume":"137","author":"Greener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11651","DOI":"10.1021\/la802033q","article-title":"Droplet motion on designed microtextured superhydrophobic surfaces with tunable wettability","volume":"24","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Green, J.V., Murthy, S.K., and Radisic, M. 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