{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:44:14Z","timestamp":1762875854707,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002509","name":"Keimyung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20160152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) is the intelligent technologies and services that mutually communicate information between humans and devices or between Internet-based devices. In IoT environments, various device information is collected from the user for intelligent technologies and services that control the devices. Recently, wireless sensor networks based on IoT environments are being used in sectors as diverse as medicine, the military, and commerce. Specifically, sensor techniques that collect relevant area data via mini-sensors after distributing smart dust in inaccessible areas like forests or military zones have been embraced as the future of information technology. IoT environments that utilize smart dust are composed of the sensor nodes that detect data using wireless sensors and transmit the detected data to middle nodes. Currently, since the sensors used in these environments are composed of mini-hardware, they have limited memory, processing power, and energy, and a variety of research that aims to make the best use of these limited resources is progressing. This paper proposes a method to utilize these resources while considering energy efficiency, and suggests lightweight mutual verification and key exchange methods based on a hash function that has no restrictions on operation quantity, velocity, and storage space. This study verifies the security and energy efficiency of this method through security analysis and function evaluation, comparing with existing approaches. The proposed method has great value in its applicability as a lightweight security technology for IoT environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]],"date-time":"2016-12-02T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1480674997000},"page":"2044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Lightweight Sensor Authentication Scheme for Energy Efficiency in Ubiquitous Computing Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jaeseung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 07027, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunsick","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1831-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.010","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Gubbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.6069706","article-title":"The internet of things","volume":"49","author":"Jun","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1023","article-title":"IoT technology and application","volume":"40","author":"Qian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Electron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3745\/JIPS.2013.9.2.247","article-title":"A secure network for mobile wireless service","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"7","article-title":"IoT technology and security","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korea Inst. Inf. Secur. Cryptol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2473165","article-title":"A provably secure, efficient, and flexible authentication scheme for ad hoc wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-223","article-title":"A survey on communication technologies and requirements for internet of electric vehicles","volume":"2014","author":"Bayram","year":"2014","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.09.039","article-title":"Energy-efficient node scheduling algorithms for wireless sensor networks using Markov Random Field model","volume":"329","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Zhu, L. (2011, January 10\u201312). Internet of Things: Key technology, architecture and challenging problems. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Automation Engineering (CSAE), Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"79","article-title":"Trends of converging smart devices with IoT technology","volume":"28","author":"Ko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electron. Telecommun. Trends"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan2020235","article-title":"IETF standardization in the field of the internet of things (IoT): A survey","volume":"2","author":"Ishaq","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sens. Actuator Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Molisch, A.F., Balakrishnan, K., Chong, C.C., Emami, S., Fort, A., Karedal, J., and Siwiak, K. IEEE 802.15. 4a Channel Model-Final Report. Available online: http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/15\/pub\/04\/15-04-0662-02-004a-channel-model-final-report-r1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2012.29","article-title":"Coap: An application protocol for billions of tiny internet nodes","volume":"16","author":"Bormann","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovatsch, M., Duquennoy, S., and Dunkels, A. (2011, January 17\u201322). A low-power CoAP for Contiki. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2011.100"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raza, S., Trabalza, D., and Voigt, T. (2012, January 18\u201320). 6LoWPAN compressed DTLS for CoAP. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 8th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2012.55"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kothmayr, T., Schmitt, C., Hu, W., Br\u00fcnig, M., and Carle, G. (2012, January 22\u201325). A DTLS based end-to-end security architecture for the Internet of Things with two-way authentication. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 37th Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops), Clearwater, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCNW.2012.6424088"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay, S., and Bhattacharyya, A. (2013, January 28\u201331). Lightweight Internet protocols for web enablement of sensors using constrained gateway devices. Proceedings of the IEEE 2013 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2013.6504105"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn, J.M., Katz, R.H., and Pister, K.S. (1999, January 15\u201319). Next century challenges: Mobile networking for \u201cSmart Dust\u201d. Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/313451.313558"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Vermesan, O., and Friess, P. (2011). Internet of Things-Global Technological and Societal Trends from Smart Environments and Spaces to Green ICT, River Publishers."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/2.895117","article-title":"Smart dust: Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer","volume":"34","author":"Warneke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.7763\/IJFCC.2015.V4.395","article-title":"Internet of Things: Smart Things","volume":"4","author":"Madakam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Future Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2306798","article-title":"A reconfigurable smart sensor interface for industrial WSN in IoT environment","volume":"10","author":"Chi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2704","article-title":"Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by internet of things","volume":"25","author":"Perera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/inco.1998.2717","article-title":"Perfectly secure key distribution for dynamic conferences","volume":"146","author":"Blundo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inf. Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Blom, R. (1984). Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2008.11.004","article-title":"Predistribution and local collaboration-based group rekeying for wireless sensor networks","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Huang, J.H., Buckingham, J., and Han, R. (June, January 30). A Level Key Infrastructure for Secure and Efficient Group Communication in Wireless Sensor Network. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Security and Privacy for Emerging Areas in Communications Networks, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Barrett, P. (1986). Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1090\/S0025-5718-1987-0866109-5","article-title":"Elliptic curve cryptosystems","volume":"48","author":"Koblitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Liang, X.Q., and Da Xing, L.I. Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-JFYZ199911000.htm."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Saeki, M. (1997). Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems. [Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/35.312841","article-title":"Kerberos: An authentication service for computer networks","volume":"32","author":"Neuman","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MP.2002.1166623","article-title":"Public-key cryptography extensions into Kerberos","volume":"21","author":"Downnard","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Elgamal, T., and Hickman, K.E. (1997). Secure Socket Layer Application Program Apparatus and Method. (5,657,390), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Boneh, D. (1998). International Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium, Springer."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kocher, P.C. (1996). Annual International Cryptology Conference, Springer."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., Lee, A., and Jun, M.S. (2016, January 17). Sensor Authentication and Key Exchange Protocol for Energy Efficiency in Sensor Network Environment. Proceedings of the 2016 World Congress on Information Technology Applications and Services, Jeju, Korea."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, D., Jia, S., Yang, S., Wang, E., and Ding, Q. (2016). A Lightweight Authentication and Key Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks. J. Sens.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1547963"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayajneh, T., Mohd, B.J., Imran, M., Almashaqbeh, G., and Vasilakos, A.V. (2016). Secure Authentication for Remote Patient Monitoring with Wireless Medical Sensor Networks. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040424"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/12\/2044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:50Z","timestamp":1760210870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/12\/2044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s16122044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16122044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}}}