{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:41:44Z","timestamp":1776883304587,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]],"date-time":"2016-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of the reflected Global Navigation Satellite Systems\u2019 (GNSS) signals in Earth observation applications, referred to as GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R), has been already studied for more than two decades. However, the estimation precision that can be achieved by GNSS-R sensors in some particular scenarios is still not fully understood yet. In an effort to partially fill this gap, in this paper, we compute the Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound (CRB) for the specific case of static ground-based GNSS-R receivers and scenarios where the coherent component of the reflected signal is dominant. We compute the CRB for GNSS signals with different modulations, GPS L1 C\/A and GPS L5 I\/Q, which use binary phase-shift keying, and Galileo E1 B\/C and E5, using the binary offset carrier. The CRB for these signals is evaluated as a function of the receiver bandwidth and different scenario parameters, such as the height of the receiver or the properties of the reflection surface. The CRB computation presented considers observation times of up to several tens of seconds, in which the satellite elevation angle observed changes significantly. Finally, the results obtained show the theoretical benefit of using modern GNSS signals with GNSS-R techniques using long observation times, such as the interference pattern technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]],"date-time":"2016-12-05T10:27:09Z","timestamp":1480933629000},"page":"2063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Derivation of the Cram\u00e9r-Rao Bound in the GNSS-Reflectometry Context for Static, Ground-Based Receivers in Scenarios with Coherent Reflection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ribot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory (ESPLAB), \u00c9cole Polythecnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Maladi\u00e8re 71B (Microcity), Neuch\u00e2tel CH-2002, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Botteron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory (ESPLAB), \u00c9cole Polythecnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Maladi\u00e8re 71B (Microcity), Neuch\u00e2tel CH-2002, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Andr\u00e9","family":"Farine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory (ESPLAB), \u00c9cole Polythecnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Maladi\u00e8re 71B (Microcity), Neuch\u00e2tel CH-2002, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2014.2374220","article-title":"Tutorial on Remote Sensing Using GNSS Bistatic Radar of Opportunity","volume":"2","author":"Zavorotny","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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