{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:32:23Z","timestamp":1773300743994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]],"date-time":"2016-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Project of China","award":["60804061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60804061"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Hebei province","award":["E2016203223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2016203223"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Research Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology","award":["14JCZDJC32300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14JCZDJC32300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a small leak detection method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and ambiguity correlation classification (ACC) is proposed. The signals acquired from sensors were decomposed using the VMD, and numerous components were obtained. According to the probability density function (PDF), an adaptive de-noising algorithm based on VMD is proposed for noise component processing and de-noised components reconstruction. Furthermore, the ambiguity function image was employed for analysis of the reconstructed signals. Based on the correlation coefficient, ACC is proposed to detect the small leak of pipeline. The analysis of pipeline leakage signals, using 1 mm and 2 mm leaks, has shown that proposed detection method can detect a small leak accurately and effectively. Moreover, the experimental results have shown that the proposed method achieved better performances than support vector machine (SVM) and back propagation neural network (BP) methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]],"date-time":"2016-12-13T10:15:52Z","timestamp":1481624152000},"page":"2116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["A Small Leak Detection Method Based on VMD Adaptive De-Noising and Ambiguity Correlation Classification Intended for Natural Gas Pipelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiyang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiliang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiedi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0141-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhoumo","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2012.05.010","article-title":"A survey on gas leak detection and localization techniques","volume":"25","author":"Murvay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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