{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:24:51Z","timestamp":1778081091872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]],"date-time":"2016-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinel ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by means of the microwave-assisted colloidal method. A solution containing ethanol, Co-nitrate, Zn-nitrate, and dodecylamine was stirred for 24 h and evaporated by a microwave oven. The resulting solid material was dried at 200 \u00b0C and subsequently calcined at 500 \u00b0C for 5 h. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy, confirming the formation of spinel ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles with average sizes between 49 and 75 nm. It was found that the average particle size decreased when the dodecylamine concentration increased. Pellets containing ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles were fabricated and tested as sensors in carbon monoxide (CO) and propane (C3H8) gases at different concentrations and temperatures. Sensor performance tests revealed an extremely high response to 300 ppm of CO at an operating temperature of 200 \u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T04:09:09Z","timestamp":1482466149000},"page":"2162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensor Applications of Spinel ZnCo2O4 Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Mor\u00e1n-L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CUValles, University of Guadalajara, Ameca, Jalisco 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florentino","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ur\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Department, IPICYT, San Luis Potos\u00ed, S.L.P. 78216, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6095-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Department, IPICYT, San Luis Potos\u00ed, S.L.P. 78216, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Blanco-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, CUCEI, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marciano","family":"Sanchez-Tizapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, CUValles, University of Guadalajara, Ameca, Jalisco 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Carreon-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, CUValles, University of Guadalajara, Ameca, Jalisco 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Guill\u00e9n-Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Project Engineering, CUCEI, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Olvera-Amador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering (SEES), CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, DF 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Guill\u00e9n-Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CUValles, University of Guadalajara, Ameca, Jalisco 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Betancourtt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CUCEI, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600997","article-title":"Nanophase ZnCo2O4 as a high performance anode material for Li-ion batteries","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1021\/ic102129w","article-title":"Porous ZnCo2O4 nanowires synthesis via sacrificial templates: High-performance anode materials of Li-ion batteries","volume":"50","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2014.09.027","article-title":"Controllable interior structure of ZnCo2O4 microspheres for high-performance lithium-ion batteries","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201303442","article-title":"Unusual formation of ZnCo2O4 3D hierarchical twin microspheres as a high-rate and ultralong-life lithium-ion battery anode material","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1021\/nl300794f","article-title":"Hierarchical three-dimensional ZnCo2O4 nanowire arrays\/carbon cloth anodes for a novel class of high-performance flexible lithium-ion batteries","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1021\/jz501077u","article-title":"Electrochemical synthesis of spinel type ZnCo2O4 electrodes for use as oxygen evolution reaction catalysts","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CC07225A","article-title":"A stable ZnCo2O4 cocatalyst for photocatalytic CO2 reduction","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2016.05.046","article-title":"Synthesis of hollow porous ZnCo2O4 microspheres as high-performance oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92699","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA14191A","article-title":"Facile synthesis of ZnCo2O4 mesoporous structures with enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction properties","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.01.018","article-title":"Simple method for the preparation of highly porous ZnCo2O4 nanotubes with enhanced electrochemical property for supercapacitor","volume":"123","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.04.079","article-title":"Direct growth of urchin-like ZnCo2O4 microspheres assembled from nanowires on nickel foam as high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors","volume":"169","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.02.092","article-title":"Facile hydrothermal synthesis of flower like ZnCo2O4 microspheres as binder-free electrodes for supercapacitors","volume":"169","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.07.101","article-title":"Recent development in spinel cobaltites for supercapacitor application","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26843","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA01937K","article-title":"Functional properties of ZnCo2O4 nano-particles obtained by thermal decomposition of a solution of binary metal nitrates","volume":"5","author":"Mariappan","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.09.001","article-title":"Nanostructured spinel ZnCo2O4 for the detection of LPG","volume":"152","author":"Vijayanand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40429","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA03960F","article-title":"Effect of zinc: Cobalt composition in ZnCo2O4 spinels for highly selective liquefied petroleum gas sensing at low and high temperatures","volume":"5","author":"Gawande","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"95","article-title":"Simple Synthesis of ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles as gas-sensing materials","volume":"134","author":"Bangale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.12.007","article-title":"Preparation and gas sensing properties of ZnM2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Cr)","volume":"99","author":"Niu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.06.010","article-title":"MCo2O4 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn) nanotubes: Template synthesis and application in gas sensors","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19714","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR05761B","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and enhanced gas sensing performance of porous ZnCo2O4 nano\/microspheres","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17683","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA04386C","article-title":"Porous ZnO\/ZnCo2O4 hollow spheres: Synthesis, characterization, and applications in gas sensing","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31764","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b11054","article-title":"Nanowire-assembled hierarchical ZnCo2O4 microstructure integrated with a low-power microheater for highly sensitive formaldehyde detection","volume":"8","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b10862","article-title":"Nonstoichiometric Co-rich ZnCo2O4 hollow nanospheres for high performance formaldehyde detection at ppb levels","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(91)80213-4","article-title":"New approaches for improving semiconductor gas sensors","volume":"5","author":"Yamazoe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2007.01.006","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of the spinel oxide ZnCo2O4 obtained by sol-gel method","volume":"103","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-014-1221-1","article-title":"Surfactant-mediated synthesis of ZnCo2O4 powders as a high-performance anode material for li-ion batteries","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.12.013","article-title":"Enhanced CO2-sensing response of nanostructured cobalt aluminate synthesized using a microwave-assisted colloidal method","volume":"226","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"395","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of MgSb2O6 trirutile-type in low presence concentrations of ethylenediamine","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15802","DOI":"10.3390\/s140915802","article-title":"Dynamic response of CoSb2O6 trirutile-type oxides in a CO2 atmosphere at low-temperatures","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"78","article-title":"Colloidal synthesis of CoAl2O4 nanoparticles using dodecylamine and their structural characterization","volume":"29","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Superficies y Vac\u00edo"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.06.114","article-title":"Microwave-assisted synthesis of metal oxide nanostructures for gas sensing application: A review","volume":"237","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.08.098","article-title":"Characterization of calcined CuInS2 nanocrystals prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis","volume":"690","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillen-Bonilla, H., Rodr\u00edguez-Betancourtt, V.M., Guill\u00e9n-Bonilla, J.T., Reyes-G\u00f3mez, J., Gildo-Ortiz, L., Flores-Mart\u00ednez, M., Olvera-Amador, M.L., and Santoyo-Salazar, J. (2015). CO and C3H8 sensitivity behavior of zinc antimonate prepared by a microwave-assisted solution method. J. Nanomater., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/979543"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR06585A","article-title":"Synthesis of double-shelled SnO2 nano-polyhedra and their improved gas sensing properties","volume":"7","author":"Bing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.11.140","article-title":"Controllable synthesis of novel ZnSn(OH)6 hollow polyhedral structures with superior ethanol gas-sensing performance","volume":"209","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guill\u00e9n-Bonilla, H., Flores-Mart\u00ednez, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Betancourtt, V.M., Guill\u00e9n-Bonilla, A., Reyes-G\u00f3mez, J., Gildo-Ortiz, L., Olvera-Amador, M.L., and Santoyo-Salazar, J. (2016). A novel gas sensor based on MgSb2O6 nanorods to indicate variations in carbon monoxide and propane concentrations. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020177"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8107057","article-title":"Comparative study on the formation and reduction of bulk and Al2O3-supported cobalt oxides by H2-TPR technique","volume":"113","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3390\/s100302088","article-title":"Metal oxide gas sensors: Sensitivity and influencing factors","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16349","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR05187A","article-title":"Designed formation through a metal organic framework route of ZnO\/ZnCo2O4 hollow core\u2013shell nanocages with enhanced gas sensing properties","volume":"8","author":"Qu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435.2014.937785","article-title":"Effect of some amines, dodecylamine (DDA) and hexadecyldimethylamine (DMHA), on the formation of ZnO nanorods synthesized by hydrothermal route","volume":"94","author":"Bekhti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4847","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01167a001","article-title":"Theory, production and mechanism of formation of monodispersed hydrosols","volume":"72","author":"LaMer","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1021\/cg070427i","article-title":"What determines the rate of growth of crystals from solution?","volume":"7","author":"Vekilov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1021\/la00010a079","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of ultrafine metal particles in ethanol by UV irradiation using a photoinitiator","volume":"11","author":"Itakura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2008.11.056","article-title":"Microwave-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ethanol as a reducing agent","volume":"114","author":"Pal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1997.0057","article-title":"Nanoparticles of Ag, Au, Pd, and Cu produced by alcohol reduction of the salts","volume":"12","author":"Ayyappan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2490","article-title":"A general phase-transfer protocol for metal ions and its application in nanocrystal synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2006.02.003","article-title":"Lattice vibrations of materials for lithium rechargeable batteries. VI: Ordered Spinels","volume":"130","author":"Julien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245213","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.73.245213","article-title":"Raman scattering studies in dilute magnetic semiconductor Zn1-xCoxO","volume":"73","author":"Samanta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.51.592","article-title":"Infrared and Raman spectra and lattice vibrations of some oxide spinels","volume":"51","author":"Shirai","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1116\/1.570389","article-title":"Oxygen chemisorption on tin oxide: Correlation between electrical conductivity and EPR measurements","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"61","article-title":"Low-temperature synthesis and gas sensitivity of perovskite-type LaCoO3 nanoparticles","volume":"2014","author":"Olvera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.11.005","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective gas sensors using p-type oxide semiconductors: Overview","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.09.040","article-title":"CO sensing mechanism with WO3 based gas sensors","volume":"151","author":"Simion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guill\u00e9n-Bonilla, H., Gildo-Ortiz, L., Olvera, M.L., Santoyo-Salazar, J., Rodr\u00edguez-Betancourtt, V.-M., Guillen-Bonilla, A., and Reyes-G\u00f3mez, J. (2015). Sensitivity of mesoporous CoSb2O6 nanoparticles to gaseous CO and C3H8 at low temperatures. J. Nanomater., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/308465"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2007.01.044","article-title":"Metal oxides for solid-state gas sensors: What determines our choice?","volume":"139","author":"Korotcenkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2005.05.004","article-title":"Preparation and chemiresistive properties of nanostructured materials","volume":"116","author":"Bochenkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.12.075","article-title":"Toward innovations of gas sensor technology","volume":"108","author":"Yamazoe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthik, T.V.K., Olvera-Amador, M.L., Maldonado, A., and G\u00f3mez-Pozos, H. (2016). CO Gas sensing properties of pure and Cu-incorporated SnO2 nanoparticles: A study of Cu-induced modifications. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081283"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(98)00272-X","article-title":"Application of nano-crystalline porous tin oxide thin film for CO sensing","volume":"52","author":"Jin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors3010001","article-title":"First fifty years of chemoresistive gas sensors","volume":"3","author":"Neri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(92)80047-2","article-title":"Materials selection for semiconductor gas sensors","volume":"6","author":"Moseley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(91)80207-Z","article-title":"Grain size effects on gas sensitivity of porous SnO2-based elements","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2003.12.015","article-title":"Nano-structured oxide semiconductor materials for gas-sensing applications","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"403","article-title":"Physical characterization and effect of effective surface area on the sensing properties of tin dioxide thin solid films in a propane atmosphere","volume":"14","author":"Olvera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/12\/2162\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:48Z","timestamp":1760210928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/12\/2162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s16122162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16122162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]]}}}