{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T18:19:48Z","timestamp":1763057988984,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,18]],"date-time":"2016-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of bacterial growth in liquid media is an essential process in determining antibiotic susceptibility or the level of bacterial presence for clinical or research purposes. We have developed a system, which enables simplified and automated detection using a camera and a striped pattern marker. The quantification of bacterial growth is possible as the bacterial growth in the culturing vessel blurs the marker image, which is placed on the back of the vessel, and the blurring results in a decrease in the high-frequency spectrum region of the marker image. The experiment results show that the FFT (fast Fourier transform)-based growth detection method is robust to the variations in the type of bacterial carrier and vessels ranging from the culture tubes to the microfluidic devices. Moreover, the automated incubator and image acquisition system are developed to be used as a comprehensive in situ detection system. We expect that this result can be applied in the automation of biological experiments, such as the Antibiotics Susceptibility Test or toxicity measurement. Furthermore, the simple framework of the proposed growth measurement method may be further utilized as an effective and convenient method for building point-of-care devices for developing countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T04:09:09Z","timestamp":1482466149000},"page":"2179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vision Marker-Based In Situ Examination of Bacterial Growth in Liquid Culture Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kyukwang","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Robotics Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0050-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duckyu","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwijoon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8694-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeongkeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.3390\/s130405338","article-title":"Open-Source Colorimeter","volume":"13","author":"Anzalone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Kim, H., Lim, H., and Myung, H. (2016). A Low Cost\/Low Power Open Source Sensor System for Automated Tuberculosis Drug Susceptibility Testing. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060942"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toyoura, M., Aruga, H., and Turk, M. (2013, January 21\u201323). Detecting Markers in Blurred and Defocused Images. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW 2013), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/CW.2013.58"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24616","article-title":"Beyond growth rate 0.6: Corynebacterium glutamicum cultivated in highly diluted environments","volume":"110","author":"Paczia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Korea Society for Medical Microbiology (2004). Medical Microbiology, Hyunmoon. [3rd ed.]. (In Korean)."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267ra174","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009650","article-title":"A rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test based on single-cell morphological analysis","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.051","article-title":"Microfluidic assay for simultaneous culture of multiple cell types on surfaces or within hydrogels","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"R111","article-title":"Timing of adequate antibiotic therapy is greater determinant of outcome than are TNF and IL-10 polymorphism in patients with sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Cayuela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"900","article-title":"Comparison of Marine Luminescence Bacteria and Genetically Modified Luminescence E. coli, for Acute Toxicity of Heavy Metals","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Korea Soc. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"341","article-title":"Quantification of Inhibitory Impact of Heavy Metals on the Growth of Escherichia coli","volume":"32","author":"Cho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Korean J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10569","DOI":"10.3390\/s150510569","article-title":"Sensor Node for Remote Monitoring of Waterborne Disease-Causing Bacteria","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/12\/2179\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:50Z","timestamp":1760210930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/12\/2179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,18]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s16122179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16122179","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,18]]}}}