{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:11:45Z","timestamp":1773249105995,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]],"date-time":"2016-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spoofing attack is one of the security threats of systems depending on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). There have been many GNSS spoofing detection methods, and each of them focuses on a characteristic of the GNSS signal or a measurement that the receiver has obtained. The method based on a single detector is insufficient against spoofing attacks in some scenarios. How to fuse multiple detections together is a problem that concerns the performance of GNSS anti-spoofing. Scholars have put forward a model to fuse different detection results based on the Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) of evidence combination. However, there are some problems in the application. The main challenge is the valuation of the belief function, which is a key issue in DST. This paper proposes a practical method of detections\u2019 fusion based on an approach to assign the belief function for spoofing detections. The frame of discernment is simplified, and the hard decision of hypothesis testing is replaced by the soft decision; then, the belief functions for some detections can be evaluated. The method is discussed in detail, and a performance evaluation is provided, as well. Detections\u2019 fusion reduces false alarms of detection and makes the result more reliable. Experimental results based on public test datasets demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T04:09:09Z","timestamp":1482466149000},"page":"2187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Method of Detections\u2019 Fusion for GNSS Anti-Spoofing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huiqi","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingquan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2526658","article-title":"GNSS Spoofing and Detection","volume":"104","author":"Psiaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"127072","article-title":"GPS vulnerability to spoofing threats and a review of antispoofing techniques","volume":"2012","author":"Broumandan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Navig. Obs."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Montgomery, P.Y., Humphreys, T.E., and Ledvina, B.M. (2009, January 26\u201328). Receiver-autonomous spoofing detection: Experimental results of a multi-antenna receiver defense against a portable civil GPS spoofer. Proceedings of the 2009 International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ledvina, B.M., Bencze, W.J., Galusha, B., and Miller, I. (2010, January 25\u201327). An in-line anti-spoofing device for legacy civil GPS receivers. 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