{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T20:32:16Z","timestamp":1770409936178,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002582","name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BioNano Health-Guard Research Center funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning (MSIP) of Korea","award":["Global Frontier Project (H-GUARD 2015M3A6B2063547)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Global Frontier Project (H-GUARD 2015M3A6B2063547)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A micro electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-on-a-needle for depth profiling (\u03bcEoN-DP) with a selective passivation layer (SPL) on a hypodermic needle was recently fabricated to measure the electrical impedance of biotissues along with the penetration depths. The SPL of the \u03bcEoN-DP enabled the sensing interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) to contribute predominantly to the measurement by reducing the relative influence of the connection lines on the sensor output. The discrimination capability of the \u03bcEoN-DP was verified using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at various concentration levels. The resistance and capacitance extracted through curve fitting were similar to those theoretically estimated based on the mixing ratio of PBS and deionized water; the maximum discrepancies were 8.02% and 1.85%, respectively. Depth profiling was conducted using four-layered porcine tissue to verify the effectiveness of the discrimination capability of the \u03bcEoN-DP. The magnitude and phase between dissimilar porcine tissues (fat and muscle) were clearly discriminated at the optimal frequency of 1 MHz. Two kinds of simulations, one with SPL and the other with complete passivation layer (CPL), were performed, and it was verified that the SPL was advantageous over CPL in the discrimination of biotissues in terms of sensor output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T04:09:09Z","timestamp":1482466149000},"page":"2207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Improvement of Depth Profiling into Biotissues Using Micro Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy on a Needle with Selective Passivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joho","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC01201E","article-title":"The impact of sphingosine kinase inhibitor-loaded nanoparticles on bioelectrical and biomechanical properties of cancer cells","volume":"16","author":"Babahosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044126","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4818838","article-title":"Discrimination between the human prostate normal cell and cancer cell by using a novel electrical impedance spectroscopy controlling the cross-sectional area of a microfluidic channel","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.01.012","article-title":"Chip-based impedance measurement on single cells for monitoring sub-toxic effects on cell membranes","volume":"26","author":"Kurz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. 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