{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:07Z","timestamp":1760242867584,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]],"date-time":"2016-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a homogeneous method featuring simple, one-step detection was developed to analyze hippuric acid (HA), a major metabolite of toluene. High sensitivity was achieved with the facile immobilization of poly(vinylimidazole) (PVI) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Using a previously developed approach, pentacyanoferrate was coordinated with pyridyl-N ligands, and the redox-active Fe(II\/III) centers were bound to Ni(II) ions on the electrode via electrostatic cyanide bridges. The detection was accomplished by the competitive binding of free HA and pentacyanoferrate-(4-aminomethylpyridine-hippuric acid) (Fe-HA, the electron transfer mediator) to the HA antibody on the Ni(II) ions-modified PVI-ITO (Ni-PVI-ITO) electrode. The electrical and physicochemical characterization of the electrode was carried out by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At low mediator concentrations, the electrical signals were proportional to the HA concentration between 0.1 \u00b5g\/mL and 1.0 mg\/mL. The same method may be extended to other small organic molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]],"date-time":"2016-12-29T10:16:20Z","timestamp":1483006580000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Simple Interfacial Platform for Homogeneous Electrochemical Immunoassays Using a Poly(Vinylimidazole)-Modified Electrode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Young-Bong","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won-Yong","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Sciences and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyug-Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1039\/B510947G","article-title":"Electrosynthesis, characterization, and application of novel hybrid materials based on carbon nanotube-polyaniline-nickel hexacyanoferrate nanocomposites","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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