{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:10:36Z","timestamp":1783613436918,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]],"date-time":"2016-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CAST Innovation Foundation of the China Academy of Space Technology"},{"name":"Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team","award":["IRT1203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT1203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When detecting a target over the diurnal cycle, a conventional infrared thermal sensor might lose the target due to the thermal crossover, which could happen at any time throughout the day when the infrared image contrast between target and background in a scene is indistinguishable due to the temperature variation. In this paper, the benefits of using a multispectral-based infrared sensor over the diurnal cycle have been shown. Firstly, a brief theoretical analysis on how the thermal crossover influences a conventional thermal sensor, within the conditions where the thermal crossover would happen and why the mid-infrared (3~5 \u03bcm) multispectral technology is effective, is presented. Furthermore, the effectiveness of this technology is also described and we describe how the prototype design and multispectral technology is employed to help solve the thermal crossover detection problem. Thirdly, several targets are set up outside and imaged in the field experiment over a 24-h period. The experimental results show that the multispectral infrared imaging system can enhance the contrast of the detected images and effectively solve the failure of the conventional infrared sensor during the diurnal cycle, which is of great significance for infrared surveillance applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]],"date-time":"2016-12-29T10:16:20Z","timestamp":1483006580000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Target Detection over the Diurnal Cycle Using a Multispectral Infrared Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Huijie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science &amp; Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science &amp; Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science &amp; Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science &amp; Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science &amp; Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.20.003176","article-title":"Broadband reflectance and emissivity of specular and rough water surfaces","volume":"20","author":"Sidran","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.001468","article-title":"Imaging polarimetry in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Elsner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1117\/12.177924","article-title":"Infrared polarization measurements of ship signatures and background contrast","volume":"2223","author":"Cooper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1631001","article-title":"Measurement of characteristics of magnetic fluid by the Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter","volume":"43","author":"Jin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1368855","article-title":"Fast imaging polarimeter for magneto-optical investigations","volume":"72","author":"Wijngaarden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.003157","article-title":"Degree of linear polarization in spectral radiances from water-viewing infrared radiometers","volume":"38","author":"Shaw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15704","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.015704","article-title":"Measured comparison of the crossover periods for mid- and long-wave IR (MWIR and LWIR) polarimetric and conventional thermal imagery","volume":"18","author":"Felton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felton, M., Gurton, K.P., Pezzaniti, J.L., Chenault, D.B., and Roth, L.E. (2010). Comparison of the Inversion Periods for Mid-wave IR (MidIR) and Long-Wave IR (LWIR) Polarimetric and Conventional Thermal Imagery, Army Research Laboratory.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.850264"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felton, M., Gurton, K.P., Roth, L.E., Pezzaniti, J.L., and Chenault, D.B. (2009). Measured comparison of the inversion periods for polarimetric and conventional thermal long-wave IR (LWIR) imagery. Proc. SPIE, 7461.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.825355"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12899","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.012899","article-title":"Measured comparison of contrast and crossover periods for passive millimeter-wave polarimetric imagery","volume":"21","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, J.P., Murakowski, M., Schuetz, C.A., and Prather, D.W. (2013). Simulations of polarization dependent contrast during the diurnal heating cycle for passive millimeter-wave imagery. Proc. SPIE, 8873.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2022534"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1117\/12.488358","article-title":"Prediction of thermal crossover based on imaging measurements over the diurnal cycle","volume":"5097","author":"Retief","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stotts, L.B., Winter, E.M., Hoff, L.E., and Reed, I.S. (1990). Clutter Rejection Using Multi-Spectral Processing. Proc. SPIE, 1305.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.21616"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Winter, E.M. (1990). Infrared Spectral Analysis, Air Force Research Laboratory. Technical Research Associates Report No. TRA-90D-109."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1117\/12.21593","article-title":"Multi-Dimensional Signal Processing for Electro-Optical Target Detection","volume":"1305","author":"Stocker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stocker, A.D., Yu, X., Winter, E.M., and Hoff, L.E. (1991). Adaptive Detection of Sub-Pixel Targets Using Multi-Band Frame Sequences. Proc. SPIE, 1481.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.45651"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cederquist, J.N., Johnson, R.O., and Reed, I.S. (1993). Infrared Multispectral Imagery Program. Phase I: Model-Based Performance Predictions, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. ERIM Final Report No. 232300-41-F to AF Wl\/AARI-4, Contract No. F33615-90-C-1441."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"135","article-title":"Infrared Multispectral Target\/Background Field Measurements","volume":"2235","author":"Eismann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1117\/12.179052","article-title":"Analysis of Infrared Multi-Spectral Target\/Background Field Measurements","volume":"2235","author":"Stocker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1117\/12.243007","article-title":"Thermal multispectral detection of military vehicles in vegetated and desert backgrounds","volume":"2742","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16396","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.016396","article-title":"Mid-infrared imaging system based on polarizers for detecting marine targets covered in sun glint","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.4.000767","article-title":"Directional reflectance and emissivity of an opaque surface","volume":"4","author":"Nicodemus","year":"1965","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"7","article-title":"Experiment of target detection based on medium infrared polarization imaging","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/56\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:29:30Z","timestamp":1760210970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/56"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s17010056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17010056","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]}}}