{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:30Z","timestamp":1760242230578,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grant Agency of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA15-18430S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA15-18430S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic","award":["LO1212","CZ.1.05\/2.1.00\/01.0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LO1212","CZ.1.05\/2.1.00\/01.0017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.1.05\/2.1.00\/01.0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.1.05\/2.1.00\/01.0017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Czech Academy of Science","award":["RVO 68081731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RVO 68081731"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article deals with the evaluation of the chemical purity of iodine-filled absorption cells and the optical frequency references used for the frequency locking of laser standards. We summarize the recent trends and progress in absorption cell technology and we focus on methods for iodine cell purity testing. We compare two independent experimental systems based on the laser-induced fluorescence method, showing an improvement of measurement uncertainty by introducing a compensation system reducing unwanted influences. We show the advantages of this technique, which is relatively simple and does not require extensive hardware equipment. As an alternative to the traditionally used methods we propose an approach of hyperfine transitions\u2019 spectral linewidth measurement. The key characteristic of this method is demonstrated on a set of testing iodine cells. The relationship between laser-induced fluorescence and transition linewidth methods will be presented as well as a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed technique (in comparison with traditional measurement approaches).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T10:08:12Z","timestamp":1483697292000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Iodine Absorption Cells Purity Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Hrabina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3187-6852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Zucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Philippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syt\u00e8mes de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Temps Espace, SYRTE\/CNRS-UMR 8630\/LNE\/Observatoire de Paris\/UPMC, 61, Avenue de l\u2019Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuan","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-0684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Hol\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ouali","family":"Acef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syt\u00e8mes de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Temps Espace, SYRTE\/CNRS-UMR 8630\/LNE\/Observatoire de Paris\/UPMC, 61, Avenue de l\u2019Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"\u010c\u00edp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2016.2524988","article-title":"Frequency Comparison of 171Yb+ Ion Optical Clocks at PTB and NPL via GPS PPP","volume":"63","author":"Leute","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6896","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7896","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of an atomic clock at 2 \u00d7 10\u221218 total uncertainty","volume":"6","author":"Nicholson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2015.03.010","article-title":"Atomic fountains and optical clocks at SYRTE: Status and perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Abgrall","year":"2015","journal-title":"C. R. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.063001","article-title":"Single-Ion Atomic Clock with 3 \u00d7 10\u221218 Systematic Uncertainty","volume":"116","author":"Huntemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goebel, E.O., and Siegner, U. (2015). Quantum Metrology: Foundation of Units and Measurement, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527680887"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stellmer, S., Schreal, M., Kazakov, G., Yoshimura, K., and Schumm, T. (2015, January 12\u201316). Towards a measurement of the nuclear clock transition in Th-229. Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Potsdam, Germany.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/723\/1\/012059"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Schuldt, T., Doringshoff, K., Kovalchuk, E., Gohlke, M., Weise, D., Johann, U., Peters, A., and Braxmaier, C. (2014, January 26\u201329). An Absolute Optical Frequency Reference Based on Doppler-Free Spectroscopy of Molecular Iodine Developed for Future Applications in Space. Proceedings of the 2014 DGaO Proceedings, Brno, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9196","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.009196","article-title":"Absolute frequency measurement of wavelength standard at 1542 nm: Acetylene stabilized DFB laser","volume":"13","author":"Balling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-011-4747-1","article-title":"A low-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer for use in displacement measurements with applications in absolute gravimetry","volume":"106","author":"Robertsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/40\/2\/316","article-title":"Practical realization of the definition of the metre, including recommended radiations of other optical frequency standards (2001)","volume":"40","author":"Quinn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.000566","article-title":"Absolute frequency measurement of a 1.5 \u03bcm acetylene standard by use of a combined frequency chain and femtosecond comb","volume":"29","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6410","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.006410","article-title":"Frequency stability at the kilohertz level of a rubidium-locked diode laser at 192.114 THz","volume":"37","author":"Bruner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.001019","article-title":"Comparison of 127I2\u2212 stabilized frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures","volume":"42","author":"Robertsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094030","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/9\/094030","article-title":"Multidimensional interferometric tool for the local probe microscopy nanometrology","volume":"22","author":"Hrabina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.270801","article-title":"Molecular iodine clock","volume":"87","author":"Ye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/46\/5\/008","article-title":"Absolute frequency shifts of iodine cells for laser stabilization","volume":"46","author":"Lazar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.081A.006","article-title":"Atlas of I2 Spectrum from 19,000 to 18,000 cm\u22121","volume":"81","author":"Simmons","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gerstenkorn, S., Luc, P., Verges, J., and Chevillard, J. (1978). Atlas du Spectre D\u2019absorption de la Mol\u00e9cule D\u2019iode, Laboratoire Aim\u00e9 Cotton."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"332","article-title":"Complete calculated atlas of the absorption spectrum of iodine-127 (B-X system of bands) and complex of programs for the tabulation of iodine lines","volume":"82","author":"Mironov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Opt. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/50\/4\/402","article-title":"Laser-induced fluorescence as a tool to verify the reproducibility of iodine-based laser standards: A study of 96 iodine cells","volume":"50","author":"Zucco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7435","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.007435","article-title":"Spectral properties of molecular iodine in absorption cells filled to specified saturation pressure","volume":"53","author":"Hrabina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11906","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.011906","article-title":"Saturation spectroscopy of iodine in hollow-core optical fiber","volume":"20","author":"Lurie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.002052","article-title":"Fiber laser optical frequency standard at 1.54 \u03bcm","volume":"19","author":"Hald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2010.2044555","article-title":"All-Fiber Multi-Purpose Gas Cells and Their Applications in Spectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Marty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1109\/19.278591","article-title":"A New-Type of Iodine Cell for Stabilized Lasers","volume":"42","author":"Quinn","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"183","article-title":"On the quenching-time of fluorescence","volume":"20","author":"Stern","year":"1919","journal-title":"Physik. Zeitschr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/26\/4\/004","article-title":"A Study of Contamination in 127I2 Cells Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence","volume":"26","year":"1989","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(01)01190-7","article-title":"Frequency comparison and absolute frequency measurement of I2 stabilized lasers at 532 nm","volume":"192","author":"Nevsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/36\/5\/5","article-title":"Comparison of primary standards of length: He-Ne lasers at \u03bb = 633 nm frequency-stabilized to the hyperfine structure of I2","volume":"36","author":"Balling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"202","article-title":"Purity of iodine cells and optical frequency shift of iodine-stabilized He-Ne lasers","volume":"1","author":"Hrabina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optoelectron. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demtroder, W. (1996). Laser Spectroscopy, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-08260-7_8"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3735\/5\/9\/025","article-title":"Frequency Stabilization of Helium-Neon Laser by Saturated Absorption in Iodine Vapor","volume":"5","author":"Wallard","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Phys. E Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1063\/1.92867","article-title":"Optical Heterodyne Saturation Spectroscopy","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/23\/3\/005","article-title":"The Preparation and Analysis of Iodine Cells","volume":"23","author":"Gill","year":"1987","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philippe, C., Chea, E., Nishida, Y., du Burck, F., and Acef, O. (2016). Efficient third harmonic generation of a CW-fibered 1.5 \u00b5m laser diode. Appl. Phys. B, 122.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-016-6542-5"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1109\/19.377796","article-title":"Absolute Frequency of the Molecular-Iodine Transition R(56) (32-0) near 532 nm","volume":"44","author":"Jungner","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philippe, C., Le Targat, R., Holleville, D., Lours, M., Pham, M.T., Hrabina, J., Du Burck, F., Wolf, P., and Acef, O. (2016, January 4\u20137). Frequency tripled 1.5 \u03bcm telecom laser diode stabilized to iodine hyperfine line in the 10\u201315 range. Proceedings of the 2016 European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF), York, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EFTF.2016.7477827"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25409","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.025409","article-title":"Prototype of an ultra-stable optical cavity for space applications","volume":"20","author":"Argence","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:25:39Z","timestamp":1760207139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s17010102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17010102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]}}}