{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T17:33:14Z","timestamp":1769016794356,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,8]],"date-time":"2017-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61502100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61502100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61532013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61532013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20140797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20140797"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20150637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20150637"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained popularity in recent years. Today\u2019s IoT applications are now increasingly deployed in cloud platforms to perform Big Data analytics. In cloud data center networks (DCN), TCP incast usually happens when multiple senders simultaneously communicate with a single receiver. However, when TCP incast happens, DCN may suffer from both throughput collapse for TCP burst flows and temporary starvation for TCP background flows. In this paper, we propose a software defined network (SDN)-based TCP congestion control mechanism, referred to as SDTCP, to leverage the features, e.g., centralized control methods and the global view of the network, in order to solve the TCP incast problems. When we detect network congestion on an OpenFlow switch, our controller can select the background flows and reduce their bandwidth by adjusting the advertised window of TCP ACK packets of the corresponding background flows so as to reserve more bandwidth for burst flows. SDTCP is transparent to the end systems and can accurately decelerate the rate of background flows by leveraging the global view of the network gained via SDN. The experiments demonstrate that our SDTCP can provide high tolerance for burst flows and achieve better flow completion time for short flows. Therefore, SDTCP is an effective and scalable solution for the TCP incast problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T11:03:23Z","timestamp":1483959803000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["SDTCP: Towards Datacenter TCP Congestion Control with SDN for IoT Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeschke, S., Brecher, C., Song, H., and Rawat, D. (2016). Industrial Internet of Things: Cybermanufacturing Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42559-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagle, D., Serenyi, D., and Matthews, A. (2004, January 6\u201312). The Panasas ActiveScale Storage Cluster: Delivering scalable high bandwidth storage. Proceedings of the 2004 ACM\/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2004.57"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadeh, M., Greenberg, A., Maltz, D.A., Padhye, J., Patel, P., Prabhakar, B., Sengupta, S., and Sridharan, M. (September, January 30). Data center TCP (DCTCP). Proceedings of the SIGCOMM 2010, New Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1145\/1851182.1851192"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Phanishayee, A., Krevat, E., Vasudevan, V., Andersen, D.G., Ganger, G.R., Gibson, G.A., and Seshan, S. (2008, January 26\u201329). Measurement and Analysis of TCP Throughput Collapse in Cluster-based Storage Systems. Proceedings of the USENIX FAST 2008, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podlesny, M., and Williamson, C. (2012, January 7\u20139). Solving the TCP-Incast Problem with Application-Level Scheduling. Proceedings of the MASCOTS 2012, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASCOTS.2012.21"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podlesny, M., and Williamson, C. (2011, January 6\u20137). An Application-Level Solution for the TCP-Incast Problem in Data Center Networks. Proceedings of the IWQoS 2011, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQOS.2011.5931333"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson, T., Akella, A., and Maltz, D.A. (2010, January 1\u20133). Network traffic characteristics of data centers in the wild. Proceedings of the IMC 2010, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/1879141.1879175"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandula, S., Sengupta, S., Greenberg, A., Patel, P., and Chaiken, R. (2009, January 4\u20136). The nature of data center traffic: Measurements & analysis. Proceedings of the IMC 2009, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1644893.1644918"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg, A., Hamilton, J.R., Jain, N., Kandula, S., Kim, C., Lahiri, P., Maltz, D.A., Patel, P., and Sengupta, S. (2009, January 16\u201321). VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network. Proceedings of the SIGCOMM 2009, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/1592568.1592576"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1145\/1327452.1327492","article-title":"MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters","volume":"51","author":"Dean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Isard, M., Budiu, M., Yu, Y., Birrell, A., and Fetterly, D. (2007, January 21\u201323). Dryad: Distributed data-parallel programs from sequential building blocks. Proceedings of the EuroSys 2007, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, C., Ballani, H., Karagiannis, T., and Rowtron, A. (2011, January 15\u201319). Better never than late: Meeting deadlines in datacenter networks. Proceedings of the SIGCOMM 2011, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2018436.2018443"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasudevan, V., Phanishayee, A., Shah, H., Krevat, E., Andersen, D., Ganger, G., Gibson, G., and Mueller, B. (2009, January 16\u201321). Safe and Effective Fine-grained TCP Retransmissions for Datacenter Communication. Proceedings of the SIGCOMM 2009, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/1592568.1592604"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7470945","article-title":"Toward software defined smart home","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lu, Y., and Zhu, S. (2015, January 14\u201316). SDN-based TCP Congestion Control in Data Center Networks. Proceedings of the 34th IEEE International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC 2015), Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Feng, Z., Guo, C., and Zhang, Y. (December, January 30). ICTCP: Incast Congestion Control for TCP in Data Center Networks. Proceedings of the CoNEXT 2010, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1921168.1921186"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.140105","article-title":"Sharing Bandwidth by Allocating Switch Buffer in Data Center Networks","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2013.12.002","article-title":"Deadline and Incast Aware TCP for cloud data center networks","volume":"68","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Cheng, P., Ren, F., Shu, R., and Lin, C. (2014, January 2\u20134). Catch the Whole Lot in an Action: Rapid Precise Packet Loss Notification in Data Centers. Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI 2014, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Ren, F., Tang, L., and Lin, C. (2013, January 7\u201310). Taming TCP Incast throughput collapse in data center networks. Proceedings of the ICNP 2013, Goettingen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krevat, E., Vasudevan, V., and Vasudevan, A. (2007, January 11). On Application-level Approaches to Avoiding TCP Throuthput Collapse in Cluster-based Storage Systems. Proceedings of the PDSW\u201907, Reno, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1374596.1374598"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghobadi, M., Yeganeh, S., and Ganjali, Y. (2012, January 29\u201330). Rethinking end-to-end congestion control in software-defined networks. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, Redmond, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2390231.2390242"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jouet, S., and Pezaros, D.P. (2013, January 7\u201310). Measurement-Based TCP Parameter Tuning in Cloud Data Centers. Proceedings of the ICNP 2013, Goettingen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2013.6733644"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenfei, W., Yizheng, C., Ramakrishnan, D., Kim, D., Anand, A., and Akella, A. (2013, January 3\u20134). Adaptive Data Transmission in the Cloud. Proceedings of the IWQoS 2013, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQoS.2013.6550262"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altukhov, V., and Chemeritskiy, E. (2014, January 28\u201329). On real-time delay monitoring in software-defined networks. Proceedings of the International Science and Technology Conference (MoNeTeC), Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/MoNeTeC.2014.6995574"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1145\/2377677.2377709","article-title":"Deadline-aware datacenter TCP","volume":"42","author":"Vamanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3166\/ejc.9.159-176","article-title":"Fairness and stability of end-to-end congestion control","volume":"9","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Control"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Tavakoli, A., Casado, M., Koponen, T., and Shenker, S. (2009, January 22\u201323). Applying nox to the datacenter. Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Mininet. Available online: http:\/\/mininet.org\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Big Switch Networks Floodlight. Available online: http:\/\/www.projectfloodlight.org\/floodlight\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"DCTCP Patch. Available online: http:\/\/simula.stanford.edu\/~alizade\/Site\/DCTCP.html."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kuzmanovic, A., Mondal, A., Floyd, S., and Ramakrishnan, K. Adding Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Capability to TCP\u2019s SYN\/ACK Packets. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc5562."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Floyd, S., and Henderson, T. The NewReno Modification to TCP\u2019s Fast Recovery Algorithm. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc2582."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/109\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:25:44Z","timestamp":1760207144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s17010109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17010109","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,8]]}}}