{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:39Z","timestamp":1760242239611,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61501065","61601067","61571069","91438104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61501065","61601067","61571069","91438104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106112015CDJXY160002","106112016CDJXY160001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106112015CDJXY160002","106112016CDJXY160001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013223","name":"Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTC2016JCYJA0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTC2016JCYJA0021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spectrum allocation for cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) has received considerable research attention under the assumption that the spectrum environment is static. However, in practice, the spectrum environment varies over time due to primary user\/secondary user (PU\/SU) activity and mobility, resulting in time-varied spectrum resources. This paper studies resource allocation for chunk-based multi-carrier CRSNs with time-varied spectrum resources. We present a novel opportunistic capacity model through a continuous time semi-Markov chain (CTSMC) to describe the time-varied spectrum resources of chunks and, based on this, a joint power and chunk allocation model by considering the opportunistically available capacity of chunks is proposed. To reduce the computational complexity, we split this model into two sub-problems and solve them via the Lagrangian dual method. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed opportunistic capacity-based resource allocation algorithm can achieve better performance compared with traditional algorithms when the spectrum environment is time-varied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T10:00:47Z","timestamp":1484733647000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Opportunistic Capacity-Based Resource Allocation for Chunk-Based Multi-Carrier Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoheng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17572","DOI":"10.3390\/s150717572","article-title":"Wireless Sensor Network Optimization: Multi-Objective Paradigm","volume":"15","author":"Iqbal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002","article-title":"Wireless Sensor Network Survey","volume":"12","author":"Yick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19783","DOI":"10.3390\/s150819783","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient Spectrum-Aware Reinforcement Learning-Based Clustering Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks","volume":"15","author":"Mustapha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Wang, C., Wang, J.X., and Dou, Z. (2016). A Novel Dynamic Spectrum Access Framework Based on Reinforcement Learning for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101675"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.X., Hong, Z.M., Wang, G.D., and Huang, J. (2016, January 1\u20134). High-Order Hidden Bivariate Markov Model: A Novel Approach on Spectrum Prediction. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2016.7568528"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.2251071","article-title":"Kernel-Based Learning for Statistical Signal Processing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Theoretical Foundations, Example Applications, and Future Directions","volume":"4","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"74","article-title":"Wideband Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks: A Survey","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2452414","article-title":"Cognitive Radio Techniques Under Practical Imperfections: A Survey","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2009.5191144","article-title":"Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks","volume":"4","author":"Akan","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goh, H.G., Kwong, K.H., Shen, C., Michie, C., and Andonovic, I. (2010, January 9\u201312). CogSeNet: A Concept of Cognitive Wireless Sensor Network. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2010.5421630"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2264161","article-title":"Spectrum Sensing in Opportunity-Heterogeneous Cognitive Sensor Networks: How to Cooperate?","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2457435","article-title":"On a Cognitive Radio Network\u2019s Random Access Game with a Poisson Number of Secondary Users","volume":"10","author":"Filio","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namvar, N., and Afghah, F. (2015, January 18\u201320). Spectrum Sharing in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks: A Matching Game Framework. Proceedings of the 2015 Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2015.7086843"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhao, L.L., Wang, C.G., Daneshmand, A., and Hu, Q. (2012, January 16\u201320). Aggregation-Based Spectrum Allocation Algorithm in Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the 2012 Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teotia, V., Kumar, V., and Minz, S. (2015, January 28\u201330). Conflict Graph Based Channel Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the 2015 Reliable Distributed Systems Workshop (SRDSW), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDSW.2015.19"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F., Mao, Y., Leng, S., and Huang, X. (2011, January 12\u201314). A Carrier Aggregation Based Resource Allocation Scheme for Pervasive Wireless Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2011.54"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C.B., Liu, W., Liu, Q., and Li, C. (2014, January 6\u20139). Spectrum Aggregation Based Spectrum Allocation for Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the 2014 Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2014.6952473"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-014-9931-2","article-title":"An Optimal Scheduling Framework for Concurrent Transmissions in Wireless Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"1","author":"Jalaeian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.04.001","article-title":"Primary Radio User Activity Models for Cognitive Radio Networks: A Survey","volume":"1","author":"Saleem","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riihij\u00e4rvi, J., Nasreddine, J., and M\u00e4h\u00f6nen, P. (2010, January 12\u201315). Impact of Primary User Activity Patterns on Spatial Spectrum Reuse Opportunities. Proceedings of the 2010 European Wireless Conference (EW), Lucca, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EW.2010.5483445"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Csurgai, L., and Bito, J. (2011, January 15\u201317). Primary and Secondary User Activity Models for Cognitive Wireless Network. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Telecommunications (ConTEL), Zagreb, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.071612.110010","article-title":"Performance Modeling of a Two-Tier Primary-Secondary Network Operated with IEEE 802.11 DCF Mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Khabazian","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2734","article-title":"Chunk-Based Resource Allocation in OFDMA Systems\u2014Part I: Chunk Allocation","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2011.112811.110036","article-title":"Chunk-Based Resource Allocation in OFDMA Systems\u2014Part II: Joint Chunk, Power and Bit Allocation","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.X., Anjum, M.N., Song, M., Xu, X.H., and Wang, G.D. (2015, January 6\u201310). Optimal Resource Allocation for Delay Constrained Users in Self-Coexistence WRAN. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417820"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Xu, D., and Li, Q. (2015, January 9\u201312). Energy Efficient Joint Chunk and Power Allocation for Chunk-Based Multi-Carrier Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the 2015 Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Li, Q., and Sun, X. (2014, January 7\u201310). Resource Allocation for Chunk-Based Multi-Carrier Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/WPMC.2014.7014860"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.X., Pradhan, J., Wang, G.D., and Huang, J. (2016, January 4\u20138). Experimental Approach: Two-Stage Spectrum Sensing Using GNU Radio and USRP to Detect Primary User\u2019s Signal. Proceedings of the 2016 Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC), Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2851613.2851824"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2091","article-title":"Time-Dimension Models of Spectrum Usage for the Analysis, Design, and Simulation of Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"5","author":"Casadevall","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Chen, X.L. (1999). Queue Theory in Modern Communications, Electronic Industry Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibe, O. (2013). Markov Processes for Stochastic Modeling, Chapman & Hall.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407795-9.00015-3"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Casella, G., and Berger, R.L. (2002). Statistical Inference, Duxbury."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1983.tb03104.x","article-title":"Digital Communications over Fading Radio Channels","volume":"2","author":"Foschini","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Liu, B.D., and Zhao, R.Q. (1998). Stochastic Programming and Fuzzy Programming, Tsinghua University Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.071147","article-title":"Joint Cross-Layer Scheduling and Spectrum Sensing for OFDMA Cognitive Radio Systems","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-013-1013-3","article-title":"Sensing Confidence Level-Based Joint Spectrum and Power Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"1","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Stephen, B., and Lieven, V. (2004). Convex Optimization, Cambridge University Press."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/175\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:30Z","timestamp":1760207190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s17010175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17010175","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]}}}