{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:35:53Z","timestamp":1778222153245,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new fault detection system in hypnotic sensors used for general anesthesia during surgery. Drug infusion during surgery is based on information received from patient monitoring devices; accordingly, faults in sensor devices can put patient safety at risk. Our research offers a solution to cope with these undesirable scenarios. We focus on the anesthesia process using intravenous propofol as the hypnotic drug and employing a Bispectral Index (BISTM) monitor to estimate the patient\u2019s unconsciousness level. The method developed identifies BIS episodes affected by disturbances during surgery with null clinical value. Thus, the clinician\u2014or the automatic controller\u2014will not take those measures into account to calculate the drug dose. Our method compares the measured BIS signal with expected behavior predicted by the propofol dose provider and the electromyogram (EMG) signal. For the prediction of the BIS signal, a model based on a hybrid intelligent system architecture has been created. The model uses clustering combined with regression techniques. To validate its accuracy, a dataset taken during surgeries with general anesthesia was used. The proposed fault detection method for BIS sensor measures has also been verified using data from real cases. The obtained results prove the method\u2019s effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T10:00:47Z","timestamp":1484733647000},"page":"179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Hybrid Intelligent System to Perform Fault Detection on BIS Sensor During Surgeries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Luis","family":"Casteleiro-Roca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, 15405 Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Calvo-Rolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, 15405 Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2004-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"M\u00e9ndez P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica y de Sistemas, Universidad de La Laguna, Apdo. 456; 38200 La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nieves","family":"Roque\u00f1\u00ed Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Engineering Area, Department of Exploitation and Exploration of Mines, University of Oviedo, 33004 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"De Cos Juez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prospecting and Exploitation of Mines Department, University of Oviedo, 33004 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.10.116","article-title":"Drug Interaction Between Propofol and Remifentanil in Individualised Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"48","author":"Copot","year":"2015","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11605","DOI":"10.3182\/20140824-6-ZA-1003.01739","article-title":"A Subspace-based Wiener System Identification Method for the Individualized Anesthesia Care","volume":"47","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. 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