{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:23:21Z","timestamp":1781076201426,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]],"date-time":"2017-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61471233, 21504051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471233, 21504051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at SIHL"},{"name":"the Sailing Project and Basic Research Program from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["14YF1410600, 14JC1406402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14YF1410600, 14JC1406402"]}]},{"name":"Shuguang and ChenGuang project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation","award":["14SG52, 13CG62"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14SG52, 13CG62"]}]},{"name":"the key subject of Shanghai Polytechnic University","award":["XXKZD1601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XXKZD1601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes has become a leading cause of death worldwide. Although there is no cure for diabetes, blood glucose monitoring combined with appropriate medication can enhance treatment efficiency, alleviate the symptoms, as well as diminish the complications. For point-of-care purposes, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are considered to be the best candidates for diabetes therapy. This review focuses on current growth areas of CGM technologies, specifically focusing on subcutaneous implantable electrochemical glucose sensors. The superiority of CGM systems is introduced firstly, and then the strategies for fabrication of minimally-invasive and non-invasive CGM biosensors are discussed, respectively. Finally, we briefly outline the current status and future perspective for CGM systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]],"date-time":"2017-01-19T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1484823340000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":241,"title":["Current and Emerging Technology for Continuous Glucose Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9813-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Ling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhan-Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Gang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Hong","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4204-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Flewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2016). 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