{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:55:04Z","timestamp":1778054104776,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,21]],"date-time":"2017-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.C. (Taiwan)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 99-2923-E-027-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 99-2923-E-027-001-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.C. (Taiwan)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-2221-E-324-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2221-E-324-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a new ubiquitous emergency medical service system (UEMS) that consists of a ubiquitous tele-diagnosis interface and a traffic guiding subsystem. The UEMS addresses unresolved issues of emergency medical services by managing the sensor wires for eliminating inconvenience for both patients and paramedics in an ambulance, providing ubiquitous accessibility of patients\u2019 biosignals in remote areas where the ambulance cannot arrive directly, and offering availability of real-time traffic information which can make the ambulance reach the destination within the shortest time. In the proposed system, patient\u2019s biosignals and real-time video, acquired by wireless biosensors and a webcam, can be simultaneously transmitted to an emergency room for pre-hospital treatment via WiMax\/3.5 G networks. Performances of WiMax and 3.5 G, in terms of initialization time, data rate, and average end-to-end delay are evaluated and compared. A driver can choose the route of the shortest time among the suggested routes by Google Maps after inspecting the current traffic conditions based on real-time CCTV camera streams and traffic information. The destination address can be inputted vocally for easiness and safety in driving. A series of field test results validates the feasibility of the proposed system for application in real-life scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]],"date-time":"2017-01-23T10:40:33Z","timestamp":1485168033000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Ubiquitous Emergency Medical Service System Based on Wireless Biosensors, Traffic Information, and Wireless Communication Technologies: Development and Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tan-Hsu","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Munkhjargal","family":"Gochoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8966-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 40601, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Jin-Jia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ching-Su","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data &amp; Broadband Maintenance Center, Chunghwa Telecom Hsinchu Business Group, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ming-Huei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Feng Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung 42055, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yung-Nian","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung 403, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Jiin-Chyr","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City 242-13, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.07.007","article-title":"Recommended guidelines for reporting on emergency medical dispatch when conducting research in emergency medicine: The Utstein style","volume":"79","author":"Karlsten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(02)00460-2","article-title":"Eight minutes or less: Does the ambulance response time guideline impact trauma patient outcome?","volume":"23","author":"Pons","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-2302(95)90002-0","article-title":"Getting the right ambulance to the right patient at the right time","volume":"3","author":"Marsden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Accid. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2009.086363","article-title":"Role of ambulance response times in the survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest","volume":"28","author":"Nicholl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.12.012","article-title":"The probability of death in road traffic accidents. How important is a quick medical response?","volume":"42","author":"Arroyo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2007.11.018","article-title":"Does increased emergency medical services prehospital time affect patient mortality in rural motor vehicle crashes? A statewide analysis","volume":"197","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2005.08.014","article-title":"Survival from prehospital cardiac arrest is critically dependent upon response time","volume":"69","author":"Vukmir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-2-7","article-title":"Multi-purpose HealthCare Telemedicine Systems with mobile communication link support","volume":"2","author":"Kyriacou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2004.837893","article-title":"A mobile teletrauma system using 3G networks","volume":"8","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mandellos, G.J., Lymperopoulos, D.K., Koukias, M.N., Tzes, A., Lazarou, N., and Vagianos, C. (2004, January 1\u20135). A novel mobile telemedicine system for ambulance transport. Design and evaluation. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2361775","article-title":"Using off-the-shelf medical devices for biomedical signal monitoring in a telemedicine system for emergency medical services","volume":"19","author":"Thelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Heal. Inform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2047650","article-title":"Clinical assessment of wireless ECG transmission in real-time cardiac telemonitoring","volume":"14","author":"Alesanco","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Su, M.J., Huei-Ming, M., Ko, C.I., Chiang, W.C., Yang, C.W., Chen, S.J., Chen, R., and Chen, H.S. (2008, January 7\u20139). Application of tele-ultrasound in medical emergency services. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on HealthCom, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J., Shin, I.H., Koo, Y., Jung, M.Y., Suh, G.J., and Kim, H.C. (2007, January 22\u201326). HSDPA (3.5G)-based ubiquitous integrated biotelemetry system for emergency care. Proceeedings of 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353126"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2007.314553","article-title":"IEEE 802.16\/WiMAX-Based Broadband Wireless Access and its Application for Telemedicine\/E-Health Services","volume":"14","author":"Niyato","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70057-1","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of patients with stroke in a mobile stroke unit versus in hospital: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felzen, M., Brokmann, J.C., Beckers, S.K., Czaplik, M., Hirsch, F., Tamm, M., Rossaint, R., and Bergrath, S. (2016). Improved technical performance of a multifunctional prehospital telemedicine system between the research phase and the routine use phase\u2014An observational study. J. Telemed. Telecare.","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X16644115"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Tokuda, K., and Ohmori, S. (2011, January 3\u20137). Demonstration experiments of SAFER (Speedy Ambulance First-aid, Emergency, Rescue Operations Supporting) system. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, Brest, France."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Chen, C.Y., Chen, P.Y., and Chen, W.T. (2013, January 24\u201327). A Novel Emergency Vehicle Dispatching System. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, Atlantic City, NJ, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2101063","article-title":"Impact of ambulance dispatch policies on performance of emergency medical services","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchenscheit, A., Schaub, F., Kargl, F., and Weber, M. (2009, January 28\u201330). A VANET-based emergency vehicle warning system. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2009.5416384"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-S., Tan, T.-H., Chen, Y.-F., Huang, Y.-F., Lee, M.-H., Hsu, J.-C., and Chen, H.-C. (2010, January 28\u201330). Development of a ubiquitous emergency medical service system based on zigbee and 3.5 G wireless communication technologies. Proceedings of the Second International Conference, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13923-9_21"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Windows Sockets (Winsock). Available online: https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/5030\/windows-sockets-winsock."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Web Speech API Specification. Available online: https:\/\/dvcs.w3.org\/hg\/speech-api\/raw-file\/tip\/speechapi.html# speechreco-section."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Google Traffic. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Traffic."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Traffic Control Center in Taipei, Available online: http:\/\/tms.bote.taipei.gov.tw\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"NetLimiter Homepage. Available online: http:\/\/www.netlimiter.com\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Molisch, A.F. (2010). Wireless Communications, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hu, J.J. (2011). Development of an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) System Based on Real-Time Traffic Information. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.863782","article-title":"Analysis of estimation of electromagnetic dosimetric values from non-ionizing radiofrequency fields in conventional road vehicle environments","volume":"34","author":"Aguirre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"DIGI XBee\/XBee-PRO DigiMesh 2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) Module User Guide. Available online: http:\/\/www.digi.com\/resources\/documentation\/digidocs\/pdfs\/90000991.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:42Z","timestamp":1760207202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/1\/202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,21]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s17010202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17010202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,21]]}}}