{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:36Z","timestamp":1760242236835,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61370017, 61225005, 61120106004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61370017, 61225005, 61120106004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"project of China high resolution earth observation system","award":["41-Y20A13-9001-15\/16, 12-Y20A15-9001-15\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41-Y20A13-9001-15\/16, 12-Y20A15-9001-15\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low sidelobes are important and essential in all SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images, regardless of the imaging mode, for fewer artificial targets. For strip-map mode all targets overlap in frequency, which is convenient to suppress sidelobes. However, weighting requires total overlap in the time or frequency domain, which a sliding spotlight signal could not satisfy. Furthermore, the wavelength cannot be regarded as a constant value under the condition of a wideband chirp signal, which leads to the variation of the Doppler bandwidth along with the range frequency. In this article, an azimuth weighting method is proposed that considers the influence of a wideband based on a two-step algorithm. The computer simulation is given to verify the presented method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T10:20:29Z","timestamp":1485253229000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Modified Azimuth Weighting Method in a Two-Step Process Approach for Sliding Spotlight Data Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ze-gang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20010662","article-title":"New Approach for Hybrid Strip-map\/Spotlight SAR Data Focusing","volume":"148","author":"Lanari","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lanari, R., Franceschetti, P., Tesauro, M., and Sansosti, E. (July, January 28). Spotlight SAR Image Generation Based on Strip Mode Focusing Techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:19960790","article-title":"High Resolution Processing of Hybrid Stripmap\/Spotlight Mode SAR","volume":"143","author":"Belcher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2294353","article-title":"On the Processing of Very High Resolution Spaceborne SAR Data","volume":"52","author":"Scheiber","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Carrara, W.G., Majewski, R.M., and Goodman, R.S. (1995). Spotlight Synthetic Apecture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Mittermayer, J., Lord, R., and Borner, E. (2003, January 21\u201325). Sliding Spotlight SAR Processing for TerraSAR-X Using a New Formulation of the Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS), Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1109\/36.951090","article-title":"Spotlight SAR Data Focusing Based on a Two-Step Processing Approach","volume":"39","author":"Lanari","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789617","article-title":"Spotlight SAR Data Processing Using the Frequency Scaling Algorithm","volume":"37","author":"Mittermayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2481923","article-title":"Processing of Very High Resolution Spaceborne Sliding Spotlight SAR Data Using Velocity Scaling","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Fornaro, G., Lanari, R., .Sansosti, E., and Tesauro, M. (2000, January 24\u201328). A Two-step Spotlight SAR Data Focusing Approach. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F.F., Ding, Z.G., Zeng, T., and Long, T. (2010, January 10\u201314). Performance Analysis of Two-Step Algorithm in Sliding Spotlight Space-borne SAR. Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference, Arlington, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2010.5494479"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuang, H., Chen, J., and Yang, W. (2015, January 26\u201331). A refined two-step algorithm for high resolution spaceborne SAR with squinted sliding spotlight mode. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milano, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2015.7326821"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20045119","article-title":"TerraSAR-X Technologies and First Results","volume":"153","author":"Stangl","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Wang, P.B., Zhou, Y.Q., Chen, J., Li, C.S., Yu, Z., and Min, H. (August, January 31). A Deramp Frequency Scaling Algorithm for Processing Space-Borne Spotlight SAR Data. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Li, C.S., Chen, J., and Wang, P.B. (2011, January 24\u201329). Extended three-step focusing algorithm for sliding spotlight and tops data image formation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049169"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2009.5344175","article-title":"The German Satellite Mission TerraSAR-X","volume":"24","author":"Buckreuss","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Mora, O., Granda, J., Biescas, E., and Urdiroz, A. (2008, January 2\u20135). TerraSAR-X High Resolution SAR Data: Ground Motion and Mapping Applications for Infrastructure, Oil & Gas and Public Health Domain. Proceedings of the European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Friedrichshafen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2035497","article-title":"TerraSAR-X SAR Processing and Products","volume":"48","author":"Breit","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Boerner, E., Lord, R., Mittermayer, J., and Bamler, R. (2003, January 21\u201325). Evaluation of TerraSAR-X Spotlight Processing Accuracy Based on a New Spotlight Raw Data Simulator. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2027701","article-title":"Processing of Sliding Spotlight and TOPS SAR Data Using Baseband Azimuth Scaling","volume":"48","author":"Prats","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittermayer, J., Moreira, A., and Loffeld, O. (1998, January 6\u201310). Spotlight Processing of Wide-Beam Stripmap SAR Data Using the Frequency Scaling Algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.1998.699710"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1109\/83.199920","article-title":"Convolution Backprojection Image Reconstruction for Spotlight Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"1","author":"Desai","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Proc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Yegulalp, A.F. (1999, January 20\u201324). Fast Backprojection Algorithm for Synthetic Aperture Radar. Proceedings of the Record of the 1999 IEEE Radar Conference, Waltham, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2295326","article-title":"A Fast BP Algorithm with Wavenumber Spectrum Fusion for High-Resolution Spotlight SAR Imaging","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Gaibel, A., and Boag, A. (2016, January 5\u20137). Back-projection SAR imaging using FFT. Proceedings of the European Radar Conference (EuRAD), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Shu, B.Z., Xu, Y.H., Ding, Z.G., and Zhu, Y. (2015, January 14\u201316). An Azimuth Weighting Method of Slide-spotlight SAR Based on Subaperture Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Proceedings of the IET International Radar Conference, Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Cumming, I.G., and Wong, F.H. (2005). Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: Algorithms and Implementation, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1109\/36.298008","article-title":"Precision SAR Processing Using Chirp Scaling","volume":"32","author":"Raney","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/7.481254","article-title":"A Chirp Scaling Approach for Processing Squint Mode SAR Data","volume":"32","author":"Davidson","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2183606","article-title":"Extended Nonlinear Chirp Scaling Algorithm for High-Resolution Highly Squint SAR Data Focusing","volume":"50","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2102040","article-title":"Focus Improvement of Highly Squinted Data Based on Azimuth Nonlinear Scaling","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/2\/220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:51Z","timestamp":1760207211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/2\/220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s17020220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17020220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]]}}}