{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:30Z","timestamp":1760242230690,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61401395","61604128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61401395","61604128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","award":["Y201533913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y201533913"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016QNA4025","2016QN81002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016QNA4025","2016QN81002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a low power transceiver for wireless sensor networks (WSN) is proposed. The system is designed with fully functional blocks including a receiver, a fractional-N frequency synthesizer, and a class-E transmitter, and it is optimized with a good balance among output power, sensitivity, power consumption, and silicon area. A transmitter and receiver (TX-RX) shared input-output matching network is used so that only one off-chip inductor is needed in the system. The power and area efficiency-oriented, fully-integrated frequency synthesizer is able to provide programmable output frequencies in the 2.4 GHz range while occupying a small silicon area. Implemented in a standard 0.18 \u03bcm RF Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the whole transceiver occupies a chip area of 0.5 mm2 (1.2 mm2 including bonding pads for a QFN package). Measurement results suggest that the design is able to work at amplitude shift keying (ASK)\/on-off-keying (OOK) and FSK modes with up to 500 kbps data rate. With an input sensitivity of \u221260 dBm and an output power of 3 dBm, the receiver, transmitter and frequency synthesizer consumes 2.3 mW, 4.8 mW, and 3.9 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T10:20:29Z","timestamp":1485253229000},"page":"223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A 11 mW 2.4 GHz 0.18 \u00b5m CMOS Transceivers for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2397-3919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiongjiong","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faxin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2006.884802","article-title":"A fully integrated 2.4-GHz IEEE 802.15.4-compliant transceiver for ZigBee applications","volume":"41","author":"Kluge","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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