{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:34Z","timestamp":1772253034467,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a new optical, multi-functional, high-resolution 3-axis sensor which serves to navigate and can, for example, replace standard joysticks in medical devices such as electric wheelchairs, surgical robots or medical diagnosis devices. A light source, e.g., a laser diode, is affixed to a movable axis and projects a random geometric shape on an image sensor (CMOS or CCD). The downstream microcontroller\u2019s software identifies the geometric shape\u2019s center, distortion and size, and then calculates x, y, and z coordinates, which can be processed in attached devices. Depending on the image sensor in use (e.g., 6.41 megapixels), the 3-axis sensor features a resolution of 1544 digits from right to left and 1038 digits up and down. Through interpolation, these values rise by a factor of 100. A unique feature is the exact reproducibility (deflection to coordinates) and its precise ability to return to its neutral position. Moreover, optical signal processing provides a high level of protection against electromagnetic and radio frequency interference. The sensor is adaptive and adjustable to fit a user\u2019s range of motion (stroke and force). This recommendation aims to optimize sensor systems such as joysticks in medical devices in terms of safety, ease of use, and adaptability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T11:23:02Z","timestamp":1485516182000},"page":"254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A New, Adaptable, Optical High-Resolution  3-Axis Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Niels","family":"Buchhold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Care Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3763-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Care Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowan, R.E., Fregly, B.J., Boninger, M.L., Chan, L., Rodgers, M.M., and Reinkensmeyer, D.J. 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