{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:40Z","timestamp":1760242240979,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]],"date-time":"2017-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centro Ricerche e Studi &quot;Enrico Fermi&quot;","award":["PIHH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIHH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzes the capabilities of a LiNbO3 whispering gallery mode microdisc resonator as a potential bolometer detector in the THz range. The resonator is theoretically characterized in the stationary regime by its thermo-optic and thermal coefficients. Considering a Q-factor of 107, a minimum detectable power of 20 \u03bcW was evaluated, three orders of magnitude above its noise equivalent power. This value opens up the feasibility of exploiting LiNbO3 disc resonators as sensitive room-temperature detectors in the THz range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T11:36:30Z","timestamp":1485776190000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["THz Pyro-Optical Detector Based on LiNbO3 Whispering Gallery Mode Microdisc Resonator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cosci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche \u201cEnrico Fermi\u201d, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IFAC-CNR, Istituto di Fisica Applicata \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Cerminara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Via della Faggiola 32, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-7622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gualtiero","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAC-CNR, Istituto di Fisica Applicata \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4838-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAC-CNR, Istituto di Fisica Applicata \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Righini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche \u201cEnrico Fermi\u201d, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IFAC-CNR, Istituto di Fisica Applicata \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche \u201cEnrico Fermi\u201d, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IFAC-CNR, Istituto di Fisica Applicata \u201cNello Carrara\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, C., Chen, W., Lv, Z., Wang, X., Huang, Y., Zhang, D., Zhao, Z., and Yuan, J. (2015, January 23\u201328). Enhancement of terahertz radiation with circularly polarized two-color fields. Proceedings of the 2015 40th International Conference Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRMMW-THz.2015.7327924"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-013-0041-0","article-title":"Kilowatt-peak terahertz-wave generation and sub-femtojoule terahertz-wave pulse detection based on nonlinear optical wavelength-conversion at room temperature","volume":"35","author":"Minamide","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118002","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/90\/11\/118002","article-title":"New frontiers in quantum cascade lasers: High performance room temperature terahertz sources","volume":"90","author":"Belkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.002390","article-title":"Frequency conversion of molecular gas lasers in PbIn 6 Te 10 crystal within mid-IR range","volume":"41","author":"Onin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Leet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2008.153","article-title":"Coherent control of terahertz supercontinuum generation in ultrafast laser\u2013gas interactions","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4812438","article-title":"Terahertz quartz enhanced photo-acoustic sensor","volume":"103","author":"Borri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Liu, Z., Wang, T., Jiang, Y., Zheng, X., Huang, Z., and Wu, X. (2015, January 23\u201328). High performance THz detector based on ultra-thin LiTaO 3 crystal. Proceedings of the 2015 40th International Conference on the Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRMMW-THz.2015.7327772"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.6b00405","article-title":"Fast Room-Temperature Detection of Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers with Graphene-Loaded Bow-Tie Plasmonic Antenna Arrays","volume":"3","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demers, J.R., Logan, R.T., and Brown, E.R. (2007). An optically integrated coherent frequency-domain THz spectrometer with signal-to-noise ratio up to 80 dB. MWP 2007 - 2007 IEEE Int. Top. Meet. Microw. Photonics, 92\u201395.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWP.2007.4378144"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-016-5070-8","article-title":"A direct method of thermal time constant measurement for lithium tantalate based terahertz pryroelectric detectors","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pquantelec.2010.06.002","article-title":"THz detectors","volume":"34","author":"Sizov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2007.913964","article-title":"Terahertz heterodyne receivers","volume":"14","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2005.854599","article-title":"Opening the terahertz window with integrated diode circuits","volume":"40","author":"Crowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1134\/1.1797494","article-title":"Characteristics of planar diodes based on heavily doped GaAs\/AlAs superlattices in the terahertz frequency region","volume":"38","author":"Demarina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semiconductors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2478\/s11772-008-0003-6","article-title":"Ambient temperature or moderately cooled semiconductor hot electron bolometer for mm and sub-mm regions","volume":"16","author":"Dobrovolsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.03.019","article-title":"Wide bandwidth room-temperature THz imaging array based on antenna-coupled MOSFET bolometer","volume":"215","author":"Morf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiromoto, N., Tiwari, A., Aoki, M., Satoh, H., Takeda, M., and Inokawa, H. (2014, January 14\u201319). Room-temperature THz antenna-coupled microbolometer with a Joule-heating resistor at the center of a half-wave antenna. Proceedings of the 2014 39th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Tucson, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRMMW-THz.2014.6956173"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-007-9220-x","article-title":"Terahertz imaging: Materials and methods","volume":"18","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1740948","article-title":"Theoretical consideration in heat and infra-red detection, with particular reference to the pneumatic detector","volume":"18","author":"Golay","year":"1947","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2011.2164654","article-title":"A room temperature bolometer for terahertz coherent and incoherent detection","volume":"1","author":"Cherednichenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawata, K., Notake, T., Ishizuki, H., Takida, Y., Tokizane, Y., Hayashi, S., Han, Z., Taira, T., and Minamide, H. (2015, January 23\u201328). Sum-frequency-generation based terahertz detection using a periodically poled lithium niobate. Proceedings of the 2015 40th International Conference Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRMMW-THz.2015.7327565"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozawa, S., Hori, T., Azuma, S., Funkner, S., Niehues, G., Yamamoto, K., Furuya, T., Kitahara, H., Banciu, G., and Nedelcu, L. (2015, January 23\u201328). Electro-optic sampling of terahertz pulses using BaTiO3 in non-collinear Cherenkov phase-matching scheme. Proceedings of the 2015 40th International Conference Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRMMW-THz.2015.7327566"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6768","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.006768","article-title":"Optical resonators with ten million finesse","volume":"15","author":"Savchenkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.7.000168","article-title":"Whispering gallery mode sensors","volume":"7","author":"Foreman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1988987","article-title":"Temperature dependence of the thermo-optic coefficient of lithium niobate, from 300 to 515 k in the visible and infrared regions","volume":"98","author":"Moretti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.000713","article-title":"Efficient upconversion of subterahertz radiation in a high-Q whispering gallery resonator","volume":"34","author":"Strekalov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14495","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.014495","article-title":"Temperature measurement and stabilization in a birefringent whispering gallery mode resonator","volume":"19","author":"Strekalov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19185","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.019185","article-title":"Dual-mode temperature compensation technique for laser stabilization to a crystalline whispering gallery mode resonator","volume":"20","author":"Fescenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farnesi, D., Righini, G.C., Barucci, A., Berneschi, S., Chiavaioli, F., Cosi, F., Pelli, S., Soria, S., Trono, C., and Ristic, D. (2014, January 14\u201317). Coupling light to whispering gallery mode resonators. Proceedings of 2014 SPIE Photonics Europe, Silicon Photonics and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2057611"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.003651","article-title":"Planar coupling to high-Q lithium niobate disk resonators","volume":"19","author":"Berneschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5275","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.005275","article-title":"High-accuracy measurements of the refractive index and its temperature coefficient of calcium fluoride in a wide wavelength range from 138 to 2326 nm","volume":"41","author":"Daimon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Ozdemir, S.K., and Yang, L. (2014). Infrared light detection using a whispering-gallery-mode optical microcavity. Appl. Phys. Lett., 104.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4874652"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Room-temperature micro-photonic bolome-ter based on dielectric optical resonators","volume":"8704","author":"Ioppolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"K101","article-title":"Density measurements on LiNbO3 crystals con- firming Nb substitution for Li","volume":"21","author":"Kovcs","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cryst. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2005.12.116","article-title":"Crystal growth and characterization of Nd, Mg co-doped near-stoichiometric LiNbO3","volume":"290","author":"Nakamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022636421426","article-title":"Far Infrared Properties of Electro-Optic Crystals Measured by THz Time-Domain Spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Schall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2007.04.045","article-title":"Measurement of the thermal expansion coefficients of ferroelectric crystals by a moir\u00e9 interferometer","volume":"277","author":"Pignatiello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2132076","article-title":"Refractometric sensors based on microsphere resonators","volume":"87","author":"Hanumegowda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43903","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.043903","article-title":"Nonlinear optics and crystalline whispering gallery mode cavities","volume":"92","author":"Ilchenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.357128","article-title":"Bolometers for infrared and millimeter waves","volume":"76","author":"Richards","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5753","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.005753","article-title":"Packaged silica microsphere-taper coupling system for robust thermal sensing application","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.001300","article-title":"Tunable optical single-sideband modulator with complete sideband suppression","volume":"34","author":"Savchenkov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.122.1451","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of CaF2, MnF2, CoF2 and ZnF2, Crystals","volume":"122","author":"Slack","year":"1961","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.005474","article-title":"Impact of the photorefractive and pyroelectric-electro-optic effect in lithium niobate on whispering-gallery modes","volume":"41","author":"Leidinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/2\/258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:27:12Z","timestamp":1760207232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/2\/258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s17020258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17020258","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]]}}}