{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:30:16Z","timestamp":1761611416329,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]],"date-time":"2017-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical information sensed by various sensors in a cyber-physical system should be collected for further operation. In many applications, data aggregation should take reliability and delay into consideration. To address these problems, a novel Tiered Structure Routing-based Delay-Aware and Reliable Data Aggregation scheme named TSR-DARDA for spherical physical objects is proposed. By dividing the spherical network constructed by dispersed sensor nodes into circular tiers with specifically designed widths and cells, TSTR-DARDA tries to enable as many nodes as possible to transmit data simultaneously. In order to ensure transmission reliability, lost packets are retransmitted. Moreover, to minimize the latency while maintaining reliability for data collection, in-network aggregation and broadcast techniques are adopted to deal with the transmission between data collecting nodes in the outer layer and their parent data collecting nodes in the inner layer. Thus, the optimization problem is transformed to minimize the delay under reliability constraints by controlling the system parameters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, we have conducted extensive theoretical analysis and comparisons to evaluate the performance of TSR-DARDA. The analysis and simulations show that TSR-DARDA leads to lower delay with reliability satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]],"date-time":"2017-02-17T12:10:34Z","timestamp":1487333434000},"page":"395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Delay-Aware and Reliable Data Aggregation for Cyber-Physical Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jinhuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0163-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guihu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-009-0183-0","article-title":"TDMA Scheduling Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Ergen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2517405","article-title":"RMER: Reliable and Energy Efficient Data Collection for Large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"3","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2013.2256795","article-title":"On the Delay Performance of In-Network Aggregation in Lossy Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"22","author":"Joo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., and Liu, A.F. (2016). An Unequal Redundancy Level Based Mechanism for Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0754-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2005.857076","article-title":"Event-to-sink Reliable Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"13","author":"Akan","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, R.E., Mechitov, K., Sim, S.H., Spencer, B.F., and Song, J.H. (2016). Probabilistic Assessment of High-Throughput Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060792"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibayashi, H., Kaneda, Y., Imahara, J., Oishi, N., Kuroda, M., and Mineno, H. (2016). A Reliable Wireless Control System for Tomato Hydroponics. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050644"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2016.2539327","article-title":"LSCD: A Low Storage Clone Detecting Protocol for Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2011.113","article-title":"A Reliability-Oriented Transmission Service in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2015.2449314","article-title":"Service Pricing Decision in Cyber-Physical Systems: Insights from Game Theory","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2010.03.004","article-title":"A Novel Node Level Security Policy Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"34","author":"Claycomb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"418","article-title":"Secure Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Randomized Dispersive Routes","volume":"9","author":"Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousefi, H., Mizanian, K., and Jahangir, A.H. (2010, January 20\u201323). Modeling and Evaluating the Reliability of Cluster Based Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), Perth, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2010.72"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2497161","article-title":"Real-Time Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"104","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.869","article-title":"Delay Aware Reliable Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"20","author":"Gungor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.3108","article-title":"Efficient Collection of Sensor Data via a New Accelerated Random Walk","volume":"28","author":"Angelopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2308391","article-title":"Mobile Target Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Adjustable Sensing Frequency","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081201","article-title":"Maximum Data Collection Rate Routing Protocol Based on Topology Control for Rechargeable Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2015.04.003","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient and Sink-Location Privacy Enhanced Scheme for WSNs through Ring based Routing","volume":"81\u201382","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"7538190","article-title":"Energy-efficient Broadcasting Scheme for Smart Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"2017","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D.Y., Zhu, Q.H., Zhu, Y.Q., Du, H.W., and Wu, W.L. (2015). Conflict-Free Many-to-One Data Aggregation in Multi-Channel Multi-Hop Wireless Networks. Int. J. Sens. Netw., 19.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2015.071382"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2010.50","article-title":"Complexity of Data Collection, Aggregation, and Selection for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9251","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2647236","article-title":"A Similarity Scenario-based Recommendation Model with Small Disturbances for Unknown Items in Social Networks","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.107","article-title":"DGRAM: A Delay Guaranteed Routing and MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Shanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-009-0235-5","article-title":"Statistical Reliability for Energy Efficient Data Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Rosberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Akkari, W., Bouhdid, B., and Belghith, A. (2015, January 2\u20135). LEATCH: Low Energy Adaptive Tier Clustering Hierarchy. Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies (ANT)\/5th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Information Technology (SEIT), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.H., Long, J., Zhao, G.H., and Zhang, H. (2015). Minimized Delay with Reliability Guaranteed by Using Variable Width Tiered Structure Routing in WSNs. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/689504"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2443171","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient and Delay-Aware Wireless Computing System for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"3","author":"Suto","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/2\/395\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:28:31Z","timestamp":1760207311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/2\/395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s17020395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17020395","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]]}}}