{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:30Z","timestamp":1760242230024,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]],"date-time":"2017-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the evolution of the performances of Pulse Pre Pump-Brillouin Time Domain Analysis (PPP-BOTDA) and Tunable Wavelength Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (TW-COTDR) fiber-based temperature and strain sensors when the sensing optical fiber is exposed to two \u03b3-ray irradiation conditions: (i) at room temperature and a dose rate of 370 Gy(SiO2)\/h up to a total ionizing dose (TID) of 56 kGy; (ii) at room temperature and a dose rate of 25 kGy(SiO2)\/h up to a TID of 10 MGy. Two main different classes of single-mode optical fibers have been tested in situ, radiation-tolerant ones: fluorine-doped or nitrogen-doped core fibers, as well as Telecom-grade germanosilicate ones. Brillouin and Rayleigh Sensitivities of N-Doped fibers were not reported yet, and these characterizations pave the way for a novel and alternative sensing scheme. Moreover, in these harsh conditions, our results showed that the main parameter affecting the sensor sensitivity remains the Radiation Induced Attenuation (RIA) at its operation wavelength of 1550 nm. RIA limits the maximal sensing range but does not influence the measurement uncertainty. F-doped fiber is the most tolerant against RIA with induced losses below 8 dB\/km after a 56 kGy accumulated dose whereas the excess losses of other fibers exceed 22 dB\/km. Both Rayleigh and Brillouin signatures that are exploited by the PPP-BOTDA and the TW-COTDR remain unchanged (within our experimental uncertainties). The strain and temperature coefficients of the various fibers under test are not modified by radiations, at these dose\/dose rate levels. Consequently, this enables the design of a robust strain and temperature sensing architecture for the monitoring of radioactive waste disposals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]],"date-time":"2017-02-17T12:10:34Z","timestamp":1487333434000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Steady \u03b3-Ray Effects on the Performance of  PPP-BOTDA and TW-COTDR Fiber Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Planes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, Laboratoire Hubert Curien (LabHC), Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5516, F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France"},{"name":"Agence Nationale Pour la gestion des D\u00e9chets Radioactifs (Andra), F-92298 Ch\u00e2tenay-Malabry, France"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, Laboratoire Hubert Curien (LabHC), Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5516, F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziz","family":"Boukenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, Laboratoire Hubert Curien (LabHC), Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5516, F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, Laboratoire Hubert Curien (LabHC), Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5516, F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Delepine-Lesoille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Nationale Pour la gestion des D\u00e9chets Radioactifs (Andra), F-92298 Ch\u00e2tenay-Malabry, France"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Marcandella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA DAM DIF (French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission), F-91297 Arpajon, France"}]},{"given":"Youcef","family":"Ouerdane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, Laboratoire Hubert Curien (LabHC), Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5516, F-42000 Saint-Etienne, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8601","DOI":"10.3390\/s120708601","article-title":"Recent Progress in Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2388453","article-title":"Effects of radiation and hydrogen-loading on the performances of Raman distributed temperature fiber sensors","volume":"33","author":"Cangialosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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