{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:15:55Z","timestamp":1767651355256,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,18]],"date-time":"2017-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MO 1060\/6-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO 1060\/6-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to increasingly tighter emission limits for diesel and gasoline engines, especially concerning particulate matter emissions, particulate filters are becoming indispensable devices for exhaust gas after treatment. Thereby, for an efficient engine and filter control strategy and a cost-efficient filter design, reliable technologies to determine the soot load of the filters and to measure particulate matter concentrations in the exhaust gas during vehicle operation are highly needed. In this study, different approaches for soot sensing are compared. Measurements were conducted on a dynamometer diesel engine test bench with a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The DPF was monitored by a relatively new microwave-based approach. Simultaneously, a resistive type soot sensor and a Pegasor soot sensing device as a reference system measured the soot concentration exhaust upstream of the DPF. By changing engine parameters, different engine out soot emission rates were set. It was found that the microwave-based signal may not only indicate directly the filter loading, but by a time derivative, the engine out soot emission rate can be deduced. Furthermore, by integrating the measured particulate mass in the exhaust, the soot load of the filter can be determined. In summary, all systems coincide well within certain boundaries and the filter itself can act as a soot sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]],"date-time":"2017-02-20T11:07:24Z","timestamp":1487588844000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Comparative Study of Different Methods for Soot Sensing and Filter Monitoring in Diesel Exhausts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Feulner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunter","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Hottner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Redel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Moos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1595\/147106709X390977","article-title":"Cleaning the air we breathe\u2014Controlling diesel particulate emissions from passenger cars","volume":"53","author":"Twigg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Platin. Met. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, D., and Boger, T. (2009). Different Approaches to Soot Estimation as Key Requirement for DPF Applications, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1262.","DOI":"10.4271\/2009-01-1262"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-013-0002-9","article-title":"In-Operation Monitoring of the Soot Load of Diesel Particulate Filters\u2014Initial Tests","volume":"56","author":"Feulner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sappok, A., Bromberg, L., Parks, J., and Prikhodko, V. (2010). Loading and Regeneration Analysis of a Diesel Particulate Filter with a Radio Frequency-Based Sensor, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-2126.","DOI":"10.4271\/2010-01-2126"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035108","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/3\/035108","article-title":"Sensing the Soot Load in Automotive Diesel Particulate Filters by Microwave Methods","volume":"21","author":"Fischerauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feulner, M., Seufert, F., M\u00fcller, A., Hagen, G., and Moos, R. (2016). Influencing Parameters on the Microwave-Based Soot Load Determination of Diesel Particulate Filters. Top Catal., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-016-0626-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sappok, A., Ragaller, P., Bromberg, L., Prikhodko, V., Storey, J., and Parks, J. (2016). Real-Time Engine and Aftertreatment System Control Using Fast Response Particulate Filter Sensors, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0918.","DOI":"10.4271\/2016-01-0918"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5194\/jsss-3-29-2014","article-title":"Overview on Conductometric Solid-State Gas Dosimeters","volume":"3","author":"Marr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sens. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.3390\/s100301589","article-title":"Conductometric Soot Sensor for Automotive Exhausts: Initial Studies","volume":"10","author":"Hagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4271\/2010-01-0307","article-title":"Particulate Matter Sensor for on Board Diagnostics (OBD) of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF)","volume":"3","author":"Ochs","year":"2010","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5194\/jsss-2-95-2013","article-title":"Improvement of the sensitivity of a conductometric soot sensor by adding a conductive cover layer","volume":"2","author":"Bartscherer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sens. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-0372","article-title":"Sensing of Particulate Matter for on-Board Diagnosis of Particulate Filters","volume":"5","author":"Husted","year":"2012","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Engines"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.10.078","article-title":"Chemical sensor systems for emission control from combustions","volume":"187","author":"Huotari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Weigl, M., Roduner, C., and Lauer, T. (2010, January 9\u201310). Partikelfilter-Onboard-Diagnose mittels eines Soot-Sensors nach Partikelfilter. Proceedings of the 6th International Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum, Ludwigsburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4271\/2013-01-1334","article-title":"Smart Soot Sensor for Particulate Filter OBD","volume":"6","author":"Brunel","year":"2013","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars Electron. Electr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28796","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128796","article-title":"Conductometric Sensor for Soot Mass Flow Detection in Exhausts of Internal Combustion Engines","volume":"15","author":"Feulner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besch, M.C., Thiruvengadam, A., Kappanna, H.K., Cozzolini, A., Carder, D.K., Gautam, M., and Tikkanen, M. (2011, January 2\u20135). Assessment of Novel in-line Particulate Matter Sensor with respect to OBD and Emissions Control Applications. Proceedings of the ASME 2011 International Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference, Morgantown, WV, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/ICEF2011-60142"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Masoudi, M, and Sappok, A. Soot (PM) Sensors. Available online: http:\/\/dieselnet.com\/tech\/dpf_soot_sensors.php."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragaller, P., Sappok, A., Bromberg, L., Gunasekaran, N., Warkins, J., and Wilhelm, R. (2016). Particulate Filter Soot Load Measurements using Radio Frequency Sensors and Potential for Improved Filter Management, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0943.","DOI":"10.4271\/2016-01-0943"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Amphenol Thermometrics Accusolve Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Soot Sensor. Available online: http:\/\/amphenol-sensors.com\/en\/component\/edocman\/73-temperature-sensors\/114-transportation-assemblies\/127-automotive-temperature-sensors\/210-thermometrics-accusolve-diesel-particulate-filter-dpf-soot-sensor."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1021\/ac203152z","article-title":"Conductivity for Soot Sensing: Possibilities and Limitations","volume":"84","author":"Grob","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/8\/13\/005","article-title":"Electrical, Magnetical and Structural Characterisation of Fullerene Soots","volume":"8","author":"Dunne","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condensed Matter"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hagen, G., Spannbauer, C., Feulner, M., Kita, J., M\u00fcller, A., Br\u00fcggemann, D., and Moos, R. (2016, January 10\u201313). Conductometric Soot Sensors: Influence of Voltage and Temperature on the Soot Deposition. Proceedings of the 16th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS), Jeju, Korea."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.3390\/s120302831","article-title":"Dual Mode NOx Sensor: Measuring Both the Accumulated Amount and Instantaneous Level at Low Concentrations","volume":"12","author":"Beulertz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/2\/400\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:28:35Z","timestamp":1760207315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/2\/400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s17020400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17020400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,18]]}}}