{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:25:00Z","timestamp":1761060300498,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51505150","11472105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51505150","11472105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15ZR1409100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15ZR1409100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015M580298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015M580298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WG1514032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WG1514032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"111 Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B13020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B13020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Local strain measurements are considered as an effective method for structural health monitoring of high-temperature components, which require accurate, reliable and durable sensors. To develop strain sensors that can be used in higher temperature environments, an improved metal-packaged strain sensor based on a regenerated fiber Bragg grating (RFBG) fabricated in hydrogen (H2)-loaded boron\u2013germanium (B\u2013Ge) co-doped photosensitive fiber is developed using the process of combining magnetron sputtering and electroplating, addressing the limitation of mechanical strength degradation of silica optical fibers after annealing at a high temperature for regeneration. The regeneration characteristics of the RFBGs and the strain characteristics of the sensor are evaluated. Numerical simulation of the sensor is conducted using a three-dimensional finite element model. Anomalous decay behavior of two regeneration regimes is observed for the FBGs written in H2-loaded B\u2013Ge co-doped fiber. The strain sensor exhibits good linearity, stability and repeatability when exposed to constant high temperatures of up to 540 \u00b0C. A satisfactory agreement is obtained between the experimental and numerical results in strain sensitivity. The results demonstrate that the improved metal-packaged strain sensors based on RFBGs in H2-loaded B\u2013Ge co-doped fiber provide great potential for high-temperature applications by addressing the issues of mechanical integrity and packaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T11:45:01Z","timestamp":1487850301000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["An Improved Metal-Packaged Strain Sensor Based on A Regenerated Fiber Bragg Grating in Hydrogen-Loaded Boron\u2013Germanium Co-Doped Photosensitive Fiber for High-Temperature Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Smart Materials and Structures, Centre for Advanced Materials Technology, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"}]},{"given":"Shao-Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}]},{"given":"Shan-Tung","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sih, G.C., Tu, S.-T., and Wang, Z.-D. 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