{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:11:20Z","timestamp":1760242280490,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,26]],"date-time":"2017-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61601504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Research Project of Shanxi province, China","award":["2016JQ6020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016JQ6020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a computationally efficient spatial differencing matrix set (SDMS) method for two-dimensional direction of arrival (2D DOA) estimation with uniform rectangular arrays (URAs) in a low-grazing angle (LGA) condition. By rearranging the auto-correlation and cross-correlation matrices in turn among different subarrays, the SDMS method can estimate the two parameters independently with one-dimensional (1D) subspace-based estimation techniques, where we only perform difference for auto-correlation matrices and the cross-correlation matrices are kept completely. Then, the pair-matching of two parameters is achieved by extracting the diagonal elements of URA. Thus, the proposed method can decrease the computational complexity, suppress the effect of additive noise and also have little information loss. Simulation results show that, in LGA, compared to other methods, the proposed methods can achieve performance improvement in the white or colored noise conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T11:00:20Z","timestamp":1488193220000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Computationally Efficient 2D DOA Estimation with Uniform Rectangular Array in Low-Grazing Angle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junpeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}]},{"given":"Guoping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic information college, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8893-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenggang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1109\/5.611108","article-title":"Applications of antenna arrays to mobile communications-Part I: Performance improvement, feasibility, and system considerations","volume":"85","author":"Godara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. 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