{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:14:56Z","timestamp":1762161296733,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The charge couple device (CCD) tracking loop of a fast steering mirror (FSM) is usually used to stabilize line of sight (LOS). High closed-loop bandwidth facilitates good performance. However, low-rate sample and time delay of the CCD greatly limit the high control bandwidth. This paper proposes an error-based observer (EBO) to improve the low-frequency performance of the CCD tracking system. The basic idea is by combining LOS error from the CCD and the controller output to produce the high-gain observer, forwarding into the originally closed-loop control system. This proposed EBO can improve the system both in target tracking and disturbance suppression due to LOS error from the CCD\u2019s sensing of the two signals. From a practical engineering view, the closed-loop stability and robustness of the EBO system are investigated on the condition of gain margin and phase margin of the open-loop transfer function. Two simulations of CCD experiments are provided to verify the benefits of the proposed algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1488279472000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Error-Based Observer of a Charge Couple Device Tracking Loop for Fast Steering Mirror"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]},{"given":"Daijun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Yang, W., Peng, Z., Tang, T., and Li, Z. (2016). Application of MEMS Accelerometers and Gyroscopes in Fast Steering Mirror Control Systems. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040440"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilkert, J.M. (2004). A comparison of inertial line-of-sight stabilization techniques using mirrors. Proc. SPIE, 5430.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.541808"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.001511","article-title":"Position and displacement sensing with Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensors","volume":"39","author":"Ares","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.003383","article-title":"Time delay compensation method for tip\u2013tilt control in adaptive optics system","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. 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