{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T18:09:08Z","timestamp":1772906948166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2014BAG01B05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014BAG01B05"]}]},{"name":"Technical Project of Ministry of Public Security","award":["2015JSYJC17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015JSYJC17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In road traffic accidents, the analysis of a vehicle\u2019s collision angle plays a key role in identifying a traffic accident\u2019s form and cause. However, because accurate estimation of vehicle collision angle involves many factors, it is difficult to accurately determine it in cases in which less physical evidence is available and there is a lack of monitoring. This paper establishes the mathematical relation model between collision angle, deformation, and normal vector in the collision region according to the equations of particle deformation and force in Hooke\u2019s law of classical mechanics. At the same time, the surface reconstruction method suitable for a normal vector solution is studied. Finally, the estimation model of vehicle collision angle is presented. In order to verify the correctness of the model, verification of multi-angle collision experiments and sensitivity analysis of laser scanning precision for the angle have been carried out using three-dimensional (3D) data obtained by a 3D laser scanner in the collision deformation zone. Under the conditions with which the model has been defined, validation results show that the collision angle is a result of the weighted synthesis of the normal vector of the collision point and the weight value is the deformation of the collision point corresponding to normal vectors. These conclusions prove the applicability of the model. The collision angle model proposed in this paper can be used as the theoretical basis for traffic accident identification and cause analysis. It can also be used as a theoretical reference for the study of the impact deformation of elastic materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1488279472000},"page":"482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Modeling Vehicle Collision Angle in Traffic Crashes Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0926-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nengchao","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430063, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traffic Management Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security, Wuxi 214151, China"}]},{"given":"Chaozhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430063, China"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430063, China"}]},{"given":"Pingfan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traffic Management Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security, Wuxi 214151, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Analysis of Rear-end Risk Based on the Indicator of Time to Collision","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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