{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:29:44Z","timestamp":1760369384957,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Fund, Kumoh National Institute of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In optoacoustic (photoacoustic) systems, different echo signal intensities such as amplitudes, center frequencies, and bandwidths need to be compensated by utilizing variable gain or time-gain compensation amplifiers. However, such electronic components can increase system complexities and signal noise levels. In this paper, we introduce a double-Gauss lens to generate a large field of view with uniform light intensity due to the low chromatic aberrations of the lens, thus obtaining uniform echo signal intensities across the field of view of the optoacoustic system. In order to validate the uniformity of the echo signal intensities in the system, an in-house transducer was placed at various positions above a tissue sample and echo signals were measured and compared with each other. The custom designed double-Gauss lens demonstrated negligible light intensity variation (\u00b11.5%) across the illumination field of view (~2 cm diameter). When the transducer was used to measure echo signal from an eye of a bigeye tuna within a range of \u00b11 cm, the peak-to-peak amplitude, center frequency, and their \u22126 dB bandwidth variations were less than 2 mV, 1 MHz, and 6%, respectively. The custom designed double-Gauss lens can provide uniform light beam across a wide area while generating insignificant echo signal variations, and thus can lower the burden of the receiving electronics or signal processing in the optoacoustic system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T11:30:04Z","timestamp":1488540604000},"page":"496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Development of a Double-Gauss Lens Based Setup for Optoacoustic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hojong","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6318-0684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Myung","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optical System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jung-Yeol","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bom, N., van der Steen, A.F.W., and Lanc\u00e9e, C.T. (2003). Vascular Ultrasound, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoskins, P.R., Martin, K., and Thrush, A. (2010). Diagnostic Ultrasound: Physics and Equipment, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511750885"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Blitz, J., and Simpson, G. (1995). Ultrasonic Methods of Non-Destructive Testing, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1109\/58.655620","article-title":"Micromachined high frequency ferroelectric sonar transducers","volume":"44","author":"Bernstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Suri, J.S., Chang, R.-F., Molinar, F., and Fenster, A. (2008). Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Imaging, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.1837","article-title":"Optimization of a phased-array transducer for multiple harmonic imaging in medical applications: Frequency and topology","volume":"58","author":"Matte","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kremkau, F.W., and Forsberg, F. (2015). Sonography Principles and Instruments, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2012.2355","article-title":"A multifunctional, reconfigurable pulse generator for high-frequency ultrasound imaging","volume":"59","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2014.06.001","article-title":"Piezoelectric single crystal ultrasonic transducers for biomedical applications","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106005","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.10.106005","article-title":"Intravascular photoacoustic imaging at 35 and 80 MHz","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"178","article-title":"A flexible annular-array imaging platform for micro-ultrasound","volume":"60","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.000360","article-title":"Label-free imaging of zebrafish larvae in vivo by photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.002551","article-title":"Integrated optical coherence tomography, ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging for ovarian tissue characterization","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.000910","article-title":"Simultaneous photoacoustic microscopy of microvascular anatomy, oxygen saturation, and blood flow","volume":"40","author":"Ning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.14062","article-title":"Photoacoustic imaging platforms for multimodal imaging","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.002117","article-title":"Fully motorized optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3631798","article-title":"Integrated ultrasound and photoacoustic probe for co-registered intravascular imaging","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.000918","article-title":"Optical-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Shung, K.K. (2006). Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"George, N., and Chi, W. (2008). Extended Depth of Field Using a Multi-Focal Length Lens with a Controlled Range of Spherical Aberration and a Centrally Obscured Aperture. (US7336430), Patent."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Webb, S.L., Youngers, K.J., Steinle, M.J., and Eccher, J.A. Design of a 600-pixel-per-inch, 30-bit color scanner."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mouroulis, P., and Macdonald, J. (1997). Geometrical Optics and Optical Design, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Smith, G.H. (1998). Practical Computer-Aided Lens Design, Willmann-Bell, Incorporated."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Nikon Imaging Technology. Available online: http:\/\/imaging.nikon.com\/technology\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Richard Butler, Primer: Why Would I Buy a Mirrorless Camera?. Available online: https:\/\/www.dpreview.com\/articles\/3871263180\/primer-why-would-i-buy-a-mirrorless-camera."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3807\/JOSK.2015.19.6.629","article-title":"Optical design and fabrication of a large telephoto zoom lens with fixed f\/2.8 and light autofocus lens","volume":"19","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.64.1671","article-title":"Paraxial design method based on an analytic calculation and its application to a three-group inner-focus zoom system","volume":"64","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Phys.Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidger, M.J. (2004). Intermediate Optical Design, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/3.540692"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Herzberger, M. (1958). Modern Geometrical Optics, Interscience Publisher."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Pedrotti, F.L., Pedrotti, L.S., Pedrotti, L.M., and Education, P. (1993). Introduction to Optics, Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1117\/1.600742","article-title":"Zoom lens design using lens modules","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Welford, W.T. (1986). Aberrations of Optical Systems, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D157","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.00D157","article-title":"Optical glass and glass ceramic historical aspects and recent developments: A schott view","volume":"49","author":"Hartmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Kingslake, R., and Johnson, R.B. (2009). Lens Design Fundamentals, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Smith, W.J. (1966). Modern Optical Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2006.1593369","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasound annular array imaging. Part II: Digital beamformer design and imaging","volume":"53","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Szabo, T.L. (2004). Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out, Elsevier Academic Press."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/3\/496\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:29:36Z","timestamp":1760207376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/3\/496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s17030496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17030496","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]}}}