{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T02:53:20Z","timestamp":1764212000830,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,17]],"date-time":"2017-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grassland fire is one of the most important disturbance factors of the natural ecosystem. Climate factors influence the occurrence and development of grassland fire. An analysis of the climate conditions of fire occurrence can form the basis for a study of the temporal and spatial variability of grassland fire. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of monthly time scale climate factors on the occurrence of grassland fire in HulunBuir, located in the northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China. Based on the logistic regression method, we used the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fire data products named thermal anomalies\/fire daily L3 Global 1km (MOD14A1 (Terra) and MYD14A1 (Aqua)) and associated climate data for HulunBuir from 2000 to 2010, and established the model of grassland fire climate index. The results showed that monthly maximum temperature, monthly sunshine hours and monthly average wind speed were all positively correlated with the fire climate index; monthly precipitation, monthly average temperature, monthly average relative humidity, monthly minimum relative humidity and the number of days with monthly precipitation greater than or equal to 5 mm were all negatively correlated with the fire climate index. We used the active fire data from 2011 to 2014 to validate the fire climate index during this time period, and the validation result was good (Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient was 0.578), which showed that the fire climate index model was suitable for analyzing the occurrence of grassland fire in HulunBuir. Analyses were conducted on the temporal and spatial distribution of the fire climate index from January to December in the years 2011\u20132014; it could be seen that from March to May and from September to October, the fire climate index was higher, and that the fire climate index of the other months is relatively low. The zones with higher fire climate index are mainly distributed in Xin Barag Youqi, Xin Barag Zuoqi, Zalantun Shi, Oroqen Zizhiqi, and Molidawa Zizhiqi; the zones with medium fire climate index are mainly distributed in Chen Barag Qi, Ewenkizu Zizhiqi, Manzhouli Shi, and Arun Qi; and the zones with lower fire climate index are mainly distributed in Genhe Shi, Ergun city, Yakeshi Shi, and Hailar Shi. The results of this study will contribute to the quantitative assessment and management of early warning and forecasting for mid-to long-term grassland fire risk in HulunBuir.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,17]],"date-time":"2017-03-17T11:22:56Z","timestamp":1489749776000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Study on Climate and Grassland Fire in HulunBuir, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Meifang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Research for Northeast China, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0336-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Research for Northeast China, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8651-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Research for Northeast China, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9949-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Research for Northeast China, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Surveying and Planning Institute of Land Resources, Changchun 130061, China"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Surveying and Planning Institute of Land Resources, Changchun 130061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163886","article-title":"Fire in the Earth system","volume":"324","author":"Bowman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08187","article-title":"Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire","volume":"18","author":"Flannigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-010-0276-9","article-title":"A palaeoecological investigation into the role of fire and human activity in the development of montane grasslands in East Africa","volume":"20","author":"Finch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/met.214","article-title":"Evaluation of the Canadian fire weather index system in an eastern Mediterranean environment","volume":"18","author":"Dimitrakopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.004","article-title":"Strengths and weaknesses of MODIS hotspots to characterize global fire occurrence","volume":"131","author":"Hantson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"167","article-title":"Study on Grassland Ecosystem Service Function and Its Valuation Method","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2009.07.002","article-title":"Information diffusion-based spatio-temporal risk analysis of grassland fire disaster in northern China","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2005.07.015","article-title":"Characterizing extreme fire and weather events in the Boreal Shield ecozone of Ontario","volume":"133","author":"Beverly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0739","article-title":"Impacts of large-scale atmospheric-ocean variability on Alaskan fire season severity","volume":"15","author":"Duffy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(03)00051-3","article-title":"The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management","volume":"178","author":"Whitlock","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.03.002","article-title":"Regional variability and driving forces behind forest fires in Portugal an overview of the last three decades (1980\u20132009)","volume":"34","author":"Nunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1071\/WF01022","article-title":"Estimating live fine fuel moisture content using meteorologically-based indices","volume":"10","author":"Viegas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CLIM.0000018508.94901.9c","article-title":"Changes in Fire and Climate in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula (Mediterranean Basin)","volume":"63","author":"Pausas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"979","article-title":"Assessing long-term fire risk at local scale by means of decision tree technique","volume":"111","author":"Giuseppe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2014.03.048","article-title":"Climate and land-use effects on wildfire in northern Mexico, 1650\u20132010","volume":"325","author":"Meunier","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4996\/fireecology.0501003","article-title":"Spatially and temporally variable fire regime on Rincon Peak, Arizona, USA","volume":"5","author":"Iniguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9753-0","article-title":"Bottom-up control of a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest fire regime in a fragmented landscape","volume":"27","author":"Ireland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2004.02.002","article-title":"Estimating the short-term impact of fire on rangeland productivity in a semi-arid climate of South Africa","volume":"59","author":"Snyman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2004.11.004","article-title":"Effects of anthropogenic fire history on savanna vegetation in northeastern Namibia","volume":"75","author":"Sheuyange","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"74","article-title":"Grass fire burning, fire behavior and fire climate","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chin. Grassl."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"18","article-title":"Study on Dynamics of Dry-grassland Fire and Regionalization of Fire Risk in Inner","volume":"22","author":"Fu","year":"2001","journal-title":"China J. Agric. Resour. Reg. Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-013-0614-9","article-title":"A Time-Dependent Stochastic Grassland Fire Ignition Probability Model for Hulun Buir Grassland of China","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(99)00127-5","article-title":"Fire hazards and some common polymers","volume":"67","author":"Irvine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"42","article-title":"Forest fire rating system indicated by human activities based on spatial analysis of GIS","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang For. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.05.006","article-title":"A fuel dryness index for grassland fire-danger assessment","volume":"139","author":"Snyder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1183.1","article-title":"Climate and wildfire area burned in western U.S. ecoprovinces, 1916\u20132003","volume":"19","author":"Littell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041695","article-title":"Fire-climate interactions in the American West since 1400 CE","volume":"37","author":"Trouet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-84-5-595","article-title":"Climate and Wildfire in the Western United States","volume":"84","author":"Westerling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"19","article-title":"Research on Fire-risk Climate Zoning and Fire Management Measures on Grasslands in Inner Mongolia","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Catastrophol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., and Wimberly, M.C. (2015). Climatic and Landscape Influences on Fire Regimes from 1984 to 2010 in the Western United States. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140839"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08133","article-title":"Prediction of the probability of large fires in the Sydney region of south-eastern Australia using fire weather","volume":"18","author":"Bradstock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128834","article-title":"Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity","volume":"313","author":"Westerling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/440436a","article-title":"Ecology: Human role in Russian wild fires","volume":"440","author":"Mollicone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"19","article-title":"A Review of Studies on Climate Change and Forest Fire","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Fire Prev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1071\/WF06064","article-title":"Simulation of long-term landscape-level fuel treatment effects on large wildfires","volume":"16","author":"Finney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10651-007-0084-2","article-title":"Interpreting and using outputs from the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System in research applications","volume":"16","author":"Wotton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Ecol. Stat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00027-5","article-title":"Estimating fire-related parameters in boreal forest using SPOT VEGETATION","volume":"82","author":"Fraser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1071\/WF01040","article-title":"Fire-climate relationships and long-lead seasonal wildfire prediction for Hawaii","volume":"11","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1071\/WF07045","article-title":"Regional-scale weather pattern and wildland fires in Central Portugal","volume":"18","author":"Hoinka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.093","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects of climate change on projected future fire regimes in the western United States","volume":"542","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01543","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1543","article-title":"Mid-21st-century climate changes increase predicted fire occurrence and fire season length, Northern Rocky Mountains, United States","volume":"7","author":"Riley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.10.041","article-title":"Local-scale and regional climate controls on historical fire regimes in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado","volume":"360","author":"Bigio","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2014.10.032","article-title":"Understanding fire patterns and fire drivers for setting a sustainable management policy of the New-Caledonian biodiversity hotspot","volume":"337","author":"Curt","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"LAADS, Available online: https:\/\/ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Open Spatial Data Sharing Project RADI. Available online: http:\/\/ids.ceode.ac.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","article-title":"An introduction to ROC analysis","volume":"27","author":"Fawcett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"109","article-title":"Algorithm for Generating ROC Curve of Two-Classifier","volume":"19","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Technol. Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2009.03.007","article-title":"Temporal scaling behavior of human-caused fires and their connection to relative humidity of the atmosphere","volume":"221","author":"Jian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2009.09.024","article-title":"Using GIS spatial analysis and logistic regression to predict the probabilities of human-caused grassland fires","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-015-0914-y","article-title":"Wildfire, climate, and perceptions in Northeast Oregon","volume":"16","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1139\/X09-153","article-title":"Potential changes in monthly fire risk in the eastern Canadian boreal forest under future climate change","volume":"39","author":"Goff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.5846\/stxb201112271992","article-title":"Spatial distribution pattern of human-caused fires in Hulun Buir grassland","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.08.001","article-title":"Mapping lightning\/human-caused wildfires occurrence under ignition point location uncertainty","volume":"200","author":"Amatulli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/3\/616\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:30:39Z","timestamp":1760207439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/3\/616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s17030616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17030616","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,17]]}}}