{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:11:14Z","timestamp":1760242274906,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2015R1A2A1A09003605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2015R1A2A1A09003605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Center for Integrated Smart Sensors as Global Frontier Project","award":["CISS-2011-0031848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CISS-2011-0031848"]}]},{"name":"KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this research, a high performance silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (transconductance as high as 34 \u00b5S and sensitivity as 84 nS\/mV) is extensively studied and directly compared with planar passive microelectrode arrays for neural recording application. Electrical and electrochemical characteristics are carefully characterized in a very well-controlled manner. We especially focused on the signal amplification capability and intrinsic noise of the transistors. A neural recording system using both silicon nanowire field-effect transistor-based active-type microelectrode array and platinum black microelectrode-based passive-type microelectrode array are implemented and compared. An artificial neural spike signal is supplied as input to both arrays through a buffer solution and recorded simultaneously. Recorded signal intensity by the silicon nanowire transistor was precisely determined by an electrical characteristic of the transistor, transconductance. Signal-to-noise ratio was found to be strongly dependent upon the intrinsic 1\/f noise of the silicon nanowire transistor. We found how signal strength is determined and how intrinsic noise of the transistor determines signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded neural signals. This study provides in-depth understanding of the overall neural recording mechanism using silicon nanowire transistors and solid design guideline for further improvement and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1490696673000},"page":"705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Feasibility Study of Extended-Gate-Type Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors for Neural Recording"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6729-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongki","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jee-Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}]},{"given":"Yang-Kyu","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4801-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonkey","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"},{"name":"KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, J.A., Ghaffari, R., and Kim, D.-H. (2016). Stretchable Bioelectronics for Medical Devices and Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28694-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.03.055","article-title":"Recent advances in silicon-based neural microelectrodes and microsystems: A review","volume":"215","author":"Fekete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-014-0130-6","article-title":"Recent trends in microelectrode array technology for in vitro neural interface platform","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2066532","article-title":"Growing Cells Atop Microelectronic Chips: Interfacing Electrogenic Cells in vitro with CMOS-Based Microelectrode Arrays","volume":"99","author":"Hierlemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00133A","article-title":"High-resolution CMOS MEA platform to study neurons at subcellular, cellular, and network levels","volume":"15","author":"Ballini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2973","article-title":"Flexible, foldable, actively multiplexed, high-density electrode array for mapping brain activity in vivo","volume":"14","author":"Viventi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswam, V., Dragas, J., Shadmani, A., Chen, Y., Stettler, A., M\u00fcller, J., and Hierlemann, A. (February, January 31). 22.8 Multi-functional microelectrode array system featuring 59,760 electrodes, 2048 electrophysiology channels, impedance and neurotransmitter measurement units. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2016.7418073"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914737107","article-title":"Nanowire transistor arrays for mapping neural circuits in acute brain slices","volume":"107","author":"Qing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1021\/nl900096z","article-title":"Electrical Recording from Hearts with Flexible Nanowire Device Arrays","volume":"9","author":"Timko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902752106","article-title":"Flexible electrical recording from cells using nanowire transistor arrays","volume":"106","author":"Timko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2012.00021","article-title":"Toward on-chip, in-cell recordings from cultured cardiomyocytes by arrays of gold mushroom-shaped microelectrodes","volume":"5","author":"Fendyur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neuroeng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.03.010","article-title":"N-Channel field-effect transistors with floating gates for extracellular recordings","volume":"21","author":"Meyburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.01.018","article-title":"An extended gate FET-based biosensor integrated with a Si microfluidic channel for detection of protein complexes","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-0584(99)00184-4","article-title":"Study on extended gate field effect transistor with tin oxide sensing membrane","volume":"63","author":"Chi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Offenh\u00e4usser, A., and Rinaldi, R. (2009). Nanobioelectronics\u2014For Electronics, Biology, and Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09459-5"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.01.021","article-title":"Depletion type floating gate p-channel MOS transistor for recording action potentials generated by cultured neurons","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2014.2365235","article-title":"A Novel FinFET With High-Speed and Prolonged Retention for Dynamic Memory","volume":"35","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1109\/16.918251","article-title":"Patterning sub-30-nm MOSFET gate with i-line lithography","volume":"48","author":"Asano","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26010","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/2\/026010","article-title":"Electrochemical layer-by-layer approach to fabricate mechanically stable platinum black microelectrodes using a mussel-inspired polydopamine adhesive","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R53","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-898X_9_4_001","article-title":"A review of methods for spike sorting: The detection and classification of neural action potentials","volume":"9","author":"Lewicki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Netw. Comput. Neural Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"4079","article-title":"Validation of adaptive threshold spike detector for neural recording","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Watkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2004, IEMBS \u201904"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.02.014","article-title":"A simple method for efficient spike detection in multiunit recordings","volume":"163","author":"Borghi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155917","article-title":"Response to Comment on \u201cDetection, Stimulation, and Inhibition of Neuronal Signals with High-Density Nanowire Transistor Arrays.\u201d","volume":"323","author":"Timko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192033","article-title":"Three-Dimensional, Flexible Nanoscale Field-Effect Transistors as Localized Bioprobes","volume":"329","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.09.112","article-title":"Investigation of the dominant 1\/f noise source in silicon nanowire sensors","volume":"191","author":"Bedner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2010.2044188","article-title":"Characterization and Modeling of 1\/Noise in Si-nanowire FETs: Effects of Cylindrical Geometry and Different Processing of Oxides","volume":"10","author":"Baek","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mukherjee, C., and Maiti, C.K. (2012). Nanowires\u2014Recent Advances, InTech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27110","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27110","article-title":"Multisite electrophysiological recordings by self-assembled loose-patch-like junctions between cultured hippocampal neurons and mushroom-shaped microelectrodes","volume":"6","author":"Shmoel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1109\/16.47770","article-title":"A unified model for the flicker noise in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors","volume":"37","author":"Hung","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electron Devices IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., and Hu, C. (2002). Mosfet Modeling & BSIM3 User\u2019s Guide, Springer."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/4\/705\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:31:28Z","timestamp":1760207488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/4\/705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s17040705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17040705","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]]}}}