{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:11:43Z","timestamp":1760242303421,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,2]],"date-time":"2017-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union research and innovation programs","award":["286786","266226","636494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["286786","266226","636494"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The full exploitation of Composite Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) in so-called green aircrafts design is still limited by the lack of adequate quality assurance procedures for checking the adhesive bonding assembly, especially in load-critical primary structures. In this respect, contamination of the CFRP panel surface is of significant concern since it may severely affect the bonding and the mechanical properties of the joint. During the last years, the authors have developed and tested an electronic nose as a non-destructive tool for pre-bonding surface inspection for contaminants detection, identification and quantification. Several sensors and sampling architectures have been screened in view of the high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scenarios requirements. Ad-hoc pattern recognition systems have also been devised to ensure a fast and reliable assessment of the contamination status, by combining real time classifiers and the implementation of a suitable rejection option. Results show that e-noses could be used as first line low cost Non Destructive Test (NDT) tool in aerospace CFRP assembly and maintenance scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,3]],"date-time":"2017-04-03T13:32:30Z","timestamp":1491226350000},"page":"754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Electronic Noses for Composites Surface Contamination Detection in Aerospace Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0745-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio De","family":"Vito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria Lucia","family":"Miglietta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0613-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore","family":"Massera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Fattoruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Formisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Polichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Salvato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Brigida","family":"Alfano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Girolamo Di","family":"Francia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA\u2014Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, PV and Smart Network Division, C.R. ENEA Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamoto, T. (2016). Essentials of Machine Olfaction and Taste, Wiley Press.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118768495"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068121q","article-title":"Electronic nose: Current status and future trends","volume":"108","author":"Barsan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.05.089","article-title":"Calibration transfer and drift counteraction in chemical sensor arrays using Direct Standardization","volume":"236","author":"Fonollosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. 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