{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:17:57Z","timestamp":1782962277294,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of finger kinematics has developed into an important research area. Various hand tracking systems are currently available; however, they all have limited functionality. Generally, the most commonly adopted sensors are limited to measurements with one degree of freedom, i.e., flexion\/extension of fingers. More advanced measurements including finger abduction, adduction, and circumduction are much more difficult to achieve. To overcome these limitations, we propose a two-axis 3D printed optical sensor with a compact configuration for tracking finger motion. Based on Malus\u2019 law, this sensor detects the angular changes by analyzing the attenuation of light transmitted through polarizing film. The sensor consists of two orthogonal axes each containing two pathways. The two readings from each axis are fused using a weighted average approach, enabling a measurement range up to 180     \u2218     and an improvement in sensitivity. The sensor demonstrates high accuracy (\u00b10.3     \u2218    ), high repeatability, and low hysteresis error. Attaching the sensor to the index finger\u2019s metacarpophalangeal joint, real-time movements consisting of flexion\/extension, abduction\/adduction and circumduction have been successfully recorded. The proposed two-axis sensor has demonstrated its capability for measuring finger movements with two degrees of freedom and can be potentially used to monitor other types of body motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1491388381000},"page":"770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Two-Axis Goniometric Sensor for Tracking Finger Motion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lefan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Magnetics, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4608-0507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Turgut","family":"Meydan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Magnetics, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Magnetics, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Henley, C.N. 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