{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:03:32Z","timestamp":1775145812316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Technology of China","award":["2011BAI08B13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011BAI08B13"]}]},{"name":"Military Program of PLA under Grant","award":["AWS14C006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWS14C006"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["51477176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51477176"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["31600799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31600799"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease and has been the second leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional diagnostic modalities for stroke, such as CT and MRI, may not be available in emergency settings. Hence, it is imperative to develop a portable tool to diagnose stroke in a timely manner. Since there are differences in impedance spectra between normal, hemorrhagic and ischemic brain tissues, multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (MFEIT) shows great promise in detecting stroke. Measuring the impedance spectra of healthy, hemorrhagic and ischemic brain in vivo is crucial to the success of MFEIT. To our knowledge, no research has established hemorrhagic and ischemic brain models in the same animal and comprehensively measured the in vivo impedance spectra of healthy, hemorrhagic and ischemic brain within 10 Hz\u20131 MHz. In this study, the intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic models were established in rabbits, and then the impedance spectra of healthy, hemorrhagic and ischemic brain were measured in vivo and compared. The results demonstrated that the impedance spectra differed significantly between healthy and stroke-affected brain (i.e., hemorrhagic or ischemic brain). Moreover, the rate of change in brain impedance following hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke with regard to frequency was distinct. These findings further validate the feasibility of using MFEIT to detect stroke and differentiate stroke types, and provide data supporting for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T10:49:53Z","timestamp":1491562193000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["In Vivo Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Characterization of Healthy, Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Rabbit Brain within 10 Hz\u20131 MHz"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93206-O","article-title":"Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction","volume":"337","author":"Bamford","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002925","article-title":"Global disparities in stroke and why we should care","volume":"87","author":"Shehadah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-016-0448-8","article-title":"Thrombolysis with low-dose tissue plasminogen activator 3\u20134.5 h after acute ischemic stroke in five hospital groups in Japan","volume":"7","author":"Morihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. 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